ORNITHOLOGY. 



359 



straight, edges greatly depressed, tip rouuded ; head feathered ; j 

 throat naked ; feet with three anterior toes ; wings very short. 

 Catuarius galeatus. Galeated Casuary. PI. 70, f. 23. Bill 



tiioernnce ; uuaer mauaiuie son, ueximt*, wra angular ii 

 extremity ; nostrils round, placed in the lateral part of tl 

 point of the bill ; legs muscular, feet with three anterior toea, 

 inner short, armed with a long and strong claw ; tibia almost 

 entirely covered with feathers ; wings short, not adapted for 

 flight. 



Otis tetrax. Little Bustard. PI. 70, f. 34. Bill straight, 

 conical, compressed; tip of upper mandible slightly arched; 

 nostrils remote from the base, open, oval, and approximate ; 

 legs long, naked above the knee, three short anterior toes, 

 united at their base, and bordered by a membrane ; wings of 

 medium length, third quill longest. 



Cursorius Asiaticus. Coromandel Courier. PI. 70, f. 21. 

 Bill shorter than the head, depressed at the base, curved aud 

 acuminate towards the point; nostrils oval, surrounded by a 

 small protuberance; legs loner, slender ; feet with three ante- 

 rior short toes, entirely divided, interior one shortest; claws 

 very small ; second wing-quills longest. 



ORDER XIII. GRALLATORES. 



Bill variously shaped, generally straight, in the form of an 

 elongated cone, compressed, rarely depressed, legs slender, 

 long, more or less naked above the knee ; three anterior, aud 

 one posterior toe or hallux, which is united on a level with the 

 front toff, or more elevated. 



FAMILY I. WITH THREE TOE'S ONLY. 



(Edicnemus crepitans. Thick Knee. PI. 71, f. 5. Bill 

 longer tliau the head, straight, strong, tip com pressed, ridge ca- 

 rinated ; under mandible forming an angle with the upper ; nos- 

 trils placed in the middle of trie bill, cleft longitudinally, open 

 in front ; legs long, slender ; three anterior toes united to the 

 second joint by a membrane, which extends along the toes; tail 

 cuneiform. 



Calidris arenaria. Sanderling. PI. 71, f. 3. Bill of medium 

 size, slender, straight, soft, flexible, compressed from the base, 

 and depressed towards the tip, flattened and obtuse ; nostrils 

 lateral, longitudinally cleft; legs slender ; anterior toes almost 

 entirely divided ; wings middle-sized, first quill longest. 



Falc'inellu* pygmieus. Pigmy Curlew. PI. 71, f. 9. Bill 

 arcuated, soft, compressed its whole length, depressed at the 

 point ; nasal furrow elongated ; nostrils basal, linear, lateral ; 

 tarsus longer than the middle toe; feet with three anterior toes 

 only. 



Himan'opus nigricollis. Black-necked Longshank. PI. 71, 

 f. 2. Bill long, slender, cylindrical, base depressed, point com- 

 pressed ; half of mandibles channelled ; nostrils lateral, linear, 

 long ; legs very long and slender ; three anterior toes, middle 

 one united to the exterior by a broad membrane, and to the 

 interior by a rudimentary one ; claws very small, flat ; wings 

 very long, first quill considerably the longest. 



Hannatopws ater. Black Oyster-catcher. PI. 71, f. i. Bill 

 long, strong, compressed, point much flattened and cuneated ; 

 nostrils lateral, longitudinally cleft in the channel of the bill ; 

 legs strong, muscular; three anterior toes, the middle one 

 united to the first joint, interior one margined by a rudimentary 

 membrane; wings medium -sized, first quill longest. 



Charadriui vociferus. Kildeer Plover. PI. 72, f. 7. Bill 

 shorter than the head, slender, straight, compressed ; mandibles 

 gibbous towards the point; nostrils longitudinal, placed in the 

 membrane which covers the nasal furrow ; legs slender ; three 

 anterior toes, exterior connected to the middle one by a short 

 membrane, the interior divided ; tail slightly rounded or even ; 

 wings medium size, second quill longest. 



FAMILY II. WITH FOUR TOES. 



Vemellut albicapillus. White-crowned Lapwing. PI. 71, f. 

 1. Bill short, straight, slender, compressed, point gibbous; 

 nostrils lateral, longitudinally cleft; legs slender, three anterior 

 toe*, and one behind, exterior connected to the middle one by 

 a short membrane, hallux almost obsolete, or very short; not 

 touching the ground; wings elongated. 



Stripsilut cotlaiis. Turnstone. PI. 72, f. 5. Bill medium, 

 sized, strong, straight, slightly inclined upwards, ridge de- 

 pressed, point truncated ; nostrils basal, lateral, half closed by 

 a membrane ; a short naked space above the knee ; anterior 

 toes connected at the base by a very short membrane ; hallux 

 articulated to the tarsus ; wings acuminate. 



Grus torquata. Collared Crane. P!. 72, f. 6. Bill as lonir, 

 or longer than the head, strong, straight, compressed, point ob- 

 tuse ; lateral base of mandible deeply sulcated, ridge elevated ; 

 nostrils central, closed behind by a membrane; region of the 

 eyes and base of the bill naked and papulous, or covered with 

 feathers ; legs/long, with a large naked space above the knees ; 

 the middle toe united to the exterior one by a rudimentary 

 membrane; the interior toe divided: hallux articulated higher 

 on the tarsus. 



Antftropoidei virgo. Numidian Crane. PI. 72, f. I. Bill the 

 length of the head, compressed, entire, thick, convex, and fur- 

 lowed near the point; nostrils concave, ovoid, open, situate in 

 (he ridge of the bill, covered behind by a membrane; tarsus 

 long, smooth, and slightly reticulated ; three anterior toes 

 united at the base by a membrane, interior one free; wings 

 long, first, second, and third quills longest, second prolonged 

 beyond the fir-t. 



Aramut icolnpaceui. Sco'opaceous Heron. PI. 72. f. 4. 

 Dill somewhat longer than, the head, straight, hard,au4 beuuiug 



slightly at the point; lower mandible a little tumid before, and 

 concave behind, angular, and pointed, nostrils lateral, remote 

 Tom the base of the bill ; legs long, strong; anterior toes quite 

 divided; hallux long, resting on the ground; nails long, bent; 

 wings medium-sized, tfnrd quill longest. 



Ardea purpurea. Purple Heron. PI. 71, f. 6. Bill as long, 

 or longer than the head, strong, straight, compressed, aeeumi- 

 nate ; upper mandible slightly sulcated ; ridge rounded, nostrils 

 basal, lateral, longitudinally cleft in a groove, half closed by a 

 membrane ; orbits and lores naked ; legs long, slender, with a 

 bare space above the knee , exterior toe united to the midd'e 

 one by a short membrane ; claws long, compressed, that of the 

 middle toe interiorly dentated. 

 Ardea garzetta. Egret. PI, 7?, f. 3. 



Colaurui exilis. Least Bittern. PI. 72, f. 8. Bill same 

 length, or longer, than the head, strong, higher than broad ; 

 mandibles of equal length, upper somewhat deeper than the 

 under one, salcated two-thirds its length, gently curving from 

 the base to the point ; rid^e broad, flat at the base, but becom- 

 ing narrow and rounded from before the nostrils to the tip-, 

 under mandible strong, tapering to the point ; edges inflected, 

 very sharp, and finely serrated near the tip ; nostrils basal, 

 linear, longitudinal, placed in a furrow, partly covered by a 

 naked membrane ; legs of medium length ; toes long, slender 

 unequal ; wings long, rounded; three first quills longest. 



Nycticorax violacea. White-crowned Night-heron. PI. 72, 

 f. 10. Bill very strong, rather longer than the head, com- 

 pressed, upper mandible arcuated, and slightly bulging towards 

 the base, sulcated three-fourths its length, emarginated ; ridge 

 rounded ; nostrils basal, longitudinal, placed in the furrow. 

 covered by a naked membrane ; lores and orbit naked ; legs of 

 medium length, slender, exterior toe united to the middle one 

 by a membrane, as far as the first joint, claws short, falcated, 

 that of the middle toe pectinated ; tibia naked for a short space 

 above the knee; first quill shorter than the second, third 

 longest. 



Ciconiaalba. White Stork. PI. 71, f. 7. Bill long, straight, 

 strong, acutely conical ; ridge rounded, of equal height with 

 the head; under mandible slightly bent upwards; nostrils 

 nearly basal, longitudinal, placed in the groove; region of the 

 eyes naked ; legs long ; three anterior toes united to the first 

 joint, hallux articulated on the same level; wings of medium 

 size. 



Argala giganlea. Gigantic Adjutant. PI. 72, f. 12. Bill 

 greatly longer than the head, form of an elongated cone, 

 slightly curved from the base, which is as thick as the head, 

 tapering to an obtuse point ; ridge but little elevated ; nostrils 

 ovate, situate near the base of the bill ; head and neck divested 

 of feathers : neck with a long, naked, fleshy appendage ; legs 

 long ; tibia wholly naked ; feet with three anterior toes united 

 by a scolloped membrane ; hallux rather long, resting on the 

 ground ; wings of medium length, first quill longest. 



Mycleria Senegalensis. Senegal Jabiru. PI. ^2, f. 2. BiL 

 very long, thick, smooth, laterally compressed, acute ; both 

 mandibles inclining upwards ; upper mandible trigonal, lower 

 mandible more thickened ; nostrils longitudinal, narrow, remote 

 from the base of the bill j legs long, strong ; three quarters of 

 the tibia naked; three anterior toes slightly united at their 

 base by a membrane ; hallux articulated high on the tarsus, 

 with its point resting on the ground ; wings long, third, fourth, 

 and fifth quill longest. 



Anastomus Coromandalinus. Coromandel Anastomus. PI. 

 72, f. 14. Bill thick, greatly compressed, gaping towards the 

 middle; upper mandible denticulate on the margins, furrowed 

 at the base, nostrils linear ; legs long, slender ; three anterior 

 toes, united by a short membrane ; hallux articulated on the 

 same level as the toes. 



Scopus Vmbretta. Tufted Umbre. PI. 72. f. 20. Bill com- 

 pressed, soft, inclining at its point ; upper mandible sur- 

 mounted its whole length by a projecting ridge, and grooved ; 

 nostrils oblique ; tarsus longer than the middle toe ; exterior 

 toe united to the middle one, length of first joint ; hallux rest- 

 ing on the ground. 



Pfuenicopterus ruber. Red Flamingo. PI. 71, f. S. Bill 

 thick, strong, deeper than broad; upper mandible nearly 

 straight for about half its length, where it is slightly arcuated, 

 and from whence it suddenly bends downwards to within two. 

 thirds its length, where it is abruptly hooked, and terminates 

 with a lanceolate point ; the under edge corresponds somewhat 

 in form with the upper side, where it is sharp and cutting ; 

 ridge notched ; under mandible envelops the upper ; nostrils 

 oblong, ovate, longitudinal, placed near the base of the bill; 

 legs very long, the anterior toes webbed to their points ; hallux 

 smal 1 , articulated high on the tarsus; wings of medium size, 

 second quill longeat. 



Recvmirostra dtnericana. American Avoset. PI. 71, f. 10. 

 Bill very long, slender, weak, depressed its whole lenrth, flex- 

 ible, undulated, turned up at the point; upper mandible longi. 

 tudinally channelled on its surface, under one laterally ; nostri g 

 linear, long; legs long, slender,- anterior toes united by a mem- 

 brane as far as the second joint ; hal ux very short, articulated 

 high on the tarsus ; wings acuminate, first quill longest. 



Cnncroma coc/ilearia. Crested Boat-bill. PI. 72, f. 11. Bill 

 lonser than the head, greatly depressed ; broader than deep, 

 dilated towards the middle; ridire prominent, grooved on each 

 side, in which the oblique nostrils are situate ; upper mandible 

 in the form of a boat reversed, the lower one acuminate ; 

 anterior toes united at their base ; hallux on a level with thu 

 toes. 



Plalalea agaga. Roseate Spoonbill. PI. 71, f. 11. Bill very 

 long, greatly depressed, much dilated, and spatuliform toward! 

 the point; upper mandible channelled, and transversely sul- 

 cated at the base; nostrils approximated, oblong, open, bor- 



