ORNITHOLOGY. 



361 



TfulnsM'tniia Witsonii. Wilson's Storm- Petril. PI. 71, 

 f. .'I'/. BUI shorter thau the head, greatly compressed in front 

 of the nasal sheath, point of upper mandible abruptly hooked, 

 that of the lower one slightly anifulated, following the curve 

 of the upper; nostrils situate in a sheath, with two apertures in 

 front ; tarsus long, slender ; toes united by a membrane, exte- 

 rior and middle ones nearly of equal length, and longer than 

 the interior ; hallux represented by a small straight nail ; wings 

 long-, acuminate, first quill shorter than the third, second 

 longest ; tail square, or slightly forked. 



Pachyptila Foster!. Foster's Pachyptila. Bill thick, strong, 

 greatly depressed, very broad; upper mandible gibbous at the 

 sides, interior margin provided with cartilaginous plates; ridge 

 distinct, compressed, point hooked ; nostrils basal, placed in a 

 tube, exhibiting two apertures ; toes united by a deeply cut 

 membrane ; hallux represented by a claw. 



Halidroma Urinalrix. Diving Halidroma. Bill short, 

 straight, compressed, margined, longitudinally furrowed, tip 

 hooked ; lower mandible with a small, dilatable, naked pouch ; 

 nostrils distinct, base concealed under a tube; legs short; feet 

 with three anterior palmated toes only : wings short. 



Diomedea exulans. Wandering Albatross. PI. 72, f. 22. 

 Bill very long, strong, margined, compressed, straight, suddenly 

 curved ; upper mandible channelled on the sides, greatly hooked 

 at the point, under one smooth, truncated at the tip ; nostrils 

 remote from the base, lateral, tubular, covered on the sides, 

 open in front ; legs short ; feet with three long, webbed toes 

 only, lateral one margined ; win^s very long and narrow ; 

 quills short, secondaries long. 



Anas bochas. Mallard. PI. 71, f. 35. Bill longer than the 

 head, depressed ; broad, straight from the nostrils to the point ; 

 mandibles with tooth-like laminae, those of the upper mandible 

 hardly projecting beyond the margin; nostrils nearly basnl, 

 lateral ; wings of medium length, acuminate, toes webbed, 

 hallux free ; tail short, slightly cuneiform ; middle feathers 

 curled up in some species. 



Mirica Americana. American Wigpon. PI. 72: f. 36. Bill 

 shorter than the head, higher than broad at the base ; strait 

 from the nostrils; depressed and narrowed towards the point, 

 which is armed with a medium-sized hooked nail ; mandibles 

 with lamelliform teeth, points slightly projecting beyond the 

 margins, in the centre of the bill ; nostrils almost basal, lateral, 

 small, oval, pervious ; three anterior toes united by a mem- 

 brane ; hallux with a narrow web, resting with its tip on .the 

 ground ; wings acuminate ; tail wedge -shaped, acute, consist- 

 ing of fourteen feathers. 



Chauliodus strapera. Gadwell. PI. 72, f. 30. Bill length of 

 the head, depressed, as broad as high at the base, rather nar- 

 roiving tiwards the tip, which is provided with a small nail, 

 both mandibles acuminate, those of the upper one projecting 

 beyond the margins; nostrils nearly basal, lateral, oval, and 

 pervious; toes webbed; hallux small and free. 



Dendronessa Sponsa. Summer Duck. PI. 72, f. 38. Bill 

 shorter than the head, considerably narrowed towards the tip, 

 height at the rictus greater than 'its width ; its frontal angles 

 prolonged, mandibles strongly teethed ; nail on the tip robust, 

 arched or hooked ; nostrils large, pervious, lateral ; forehead 

 s oping, tarsus length of middle toe ; toes united by a mem- 

 brane, hallux articulated high on the tarsus, nails narrow, 

 slightly bent and sharp ; wings shorter than the tail, which 

 consists of sixteen wide, rounded feathers. 



Somateria spectabilis. King Eider. PI. 72, f. 29. Bill in- 

 flected, and elevated at the base, extending high up the fore- 

 head, forked or divided by an acute angle of feathers, before the 

 nostrils strait, semi-cylindrical, terminated by a strong vaulted 

 nail, hooked and rounded at the extremity, both mandibles with 

 lamelliform, strong, widely set tooth-like plaits ; nostrils in the 

 centre of the bill, small, and oval ; legs short, toes webbed, 

 exterior nearly as long as the middle one ; hallux with a long, 

 lobated membrane; wings medium length, acute, first quill 

 longest ; tail of fourteen feathers. 



Oidemia perspicellati. Surf Duck. Pi. 72, f. 21. Bill in- 

 flected, or tuberculated at the base, large, elevated, and strong; 

 point much depressed, terminated by a large flat nail, with its 

 extremity rounded, and slightly reflected ; mandibles laminated, 

 plates strong, broad, and widely set ; nostrils lateral, elevated, 

 oval, situate near the centre of the bill; legs placed far behind 

 the centre of gravity ; tarsus short ; feet large, webbed, exte- 

 rior toe as long as the middle one, longer than the tarsus; hal- 

 lux with a large lobate marginal membrane ; wings of medium 

 length, concave, acute ; tail short, graduated, acute. 



Fuligula marila. Scaup Duck. PI. 72, f. 13. Bill as long 

 H8 the head ; slightly elevated at the base, broad, depressed 

 towards the- poiut, which is round, and armed with a small 

 deflected nail ; mandibles laminated, plates broad, concealed by 

 thi> deflected margins of the bill ; nostrils nearly basal, lateral, 

 obl'in?, small ; tarsus much shorter than the middle toe ; feet 

 large, webbed, exterior and middle toes of equal length; hallux 

 with a large, lobate membrane ; wings concave, acute, first and 

 second quills nearly equal; tail short, rounded, of fourteen or 

 sixteen feathers. 



Clangula aJbeola. Butfle-headed Garrot. PL 71, f. 29 ; and C. 

 rulgaris, Golden-eye Garrot. PI. 71, f. 34. Bill shorter than 

 the head, elevated at the base, tapering towards the point ; nil 

 of medium length, scarcely projecting beyond the edge of the 

 mandible; mandibles with lamelliform teeth, widely set, con- 

 ivalt'd by the projecting margins of the bill ; nostrils lateral, 

 oval, in the anterior and lower part of the membrane ; head 

 large and high ; legs short, toes long, webbed, middle and exte- 

 rior ones of nearly equal length ; hallux lobated. 



Harelda glacialis. Long-tailed Hareld. PI. 72, f. 35. Bill 

 much shorter than the head, high at the base, narrow, abruptly 

 contracted towards the poiut; nail arcuated ; mandible- with 



laminated, wide set, tooth-like processes; nostrils nearly basal, 

 laterai, linear, oblong, legs short; toes webbed; exterior toe 

 nearly as long as the middle one ; hallux with a large lobated 

 membrane : wings of medium length, first and second quills 

 equal ; tail cuneiform, feathers acuminate, two central fea- 

 thers elongated in the male. 



Mergus serrator. Red -breasted Merganser. PI. 71, f. 30. 

 Bill medium-sized, or long, slender, in the form of an elongated 

 cone, nearly cylindrical ; base broad ; poiut of upper mandible 

 greatly hooked, and furnished with a strong nail ; edges of 

 mandibles serrated, the teeth recurved; nostrils lateral, situate 

 towards the middle of the bill ; legs short, placed backwards on 

 the abdomen; toes completely webbed, hallux articulated on 

 the tarsus. 



Anser Canadensis. Canada Goose. PI. 71, f. 26. Bill as 

 long, or shorter than the head, deeper than broad at the base, 

 and narrowed towards its extremity ; entirely covered with a 

 cere, or naked skin, with the exception of the nails of tht> 

 mandibles, which are distinct and horny ; laminae of the upper 

 mandible exposed ; nostrils large, elliptical, longitudinal, placed 

 near the middle of the bill ; neck longer than in the genus 

 Anas, and shorter than in Cygnus ; legs longer than the former, 

 and placed farther backwards; wings long, ample, tubercu- 

 lated; toes palmated; hallux free, and articulated upon the 

 tarsus, scarcely touching the ground with its tip ; middle toe 

 longest ; nails falcate, dilated at the edges. 



Cygnus Bewickii. Bewick's Swan. Pi. 71, f. 25. Bill 

 equally wide throughput its length, much higher than broad at 

 the base, where it is inflected and tuberculated, depressed to- 

 wards the point ; nail of upper mandible deflected, and cover- 

 ing that of the lower, which is flat; both mandibles with la- 

 mellated teeth placed transversely, and nearly concealed when 

 the bill is closed ; nostrils in the middle of the bill, oblong, la- 

 teral ; legs short, placed behind the equilibrium of the body ; 

 toes entirely webbed; hallux small and free; wings long and 

 ample. 



Pelecanus ornocrotalus. White Pelican. PI. 71, f. 36. Bill 

 long, straight, broad, greatly depressed ; upper mandible flat- 

 tened, with a very strong hooked nail at its point, the lower 

 formed by two bony branches, which are depressed, flexible, 

 and united at the tip ; from these branches are suspended a 

 naked skin, in the form of a pouch, capable of great expansion ; 

 face and throat naked ; nostrils basal, in the form of a narrow 

 longitudinal slit; legs short and strong; all the four toes con- 

 nected in a web. 



Carlto graculus. Shag. PI. 72, f. 25. Bill medium-sized or 

 long, straight, compressed ; upper mandible greatly bent at the 

 point, and furrowed from the base to the tip ; the lower one 

 compressed ; a membrane investing the base of the bill, ex- 

 tending to the throat, which, with the face, is naked ; nostrils 

 basal, linear, concealed ; legs short, strong, placed far behind ; 

 the four toes included in a web, middle claw serrated; wings 

 of medium length, first quill shorter than the second, which is 

 the longest; tail rounded, of medium length, stiff and elastic. 



Tachypetes aquila. Frigate Bird. PI. 72, f. 26. Bill long-, 

 strong, edged, depressed at the base, and compressed at the 

 sides, with a suture above; tips of both mandibles strongly 

 curved, the upper one terminated by a pointed hook ; nostrils 

 more or leas concealed, and linear ; legs placed far back, very 

 short ; tarsus shorter than the toes, and half feathered ; toes 

 long, and ha f webbed ; hallux articulated on a line with the 

 toes, and semi-webbed ; wings very long, straight; tail greatiy 

 furcated. 



Sulafusca. Brown Ganriet. PI. 71, f. 42. Bill long, strong, 

 in the form of an elongated cone, being thick at the base, com- 

 pressed near the point, which is obliquely curved; edges of 

 mandibles serrated ; mouth very wide, cleft beyond the eyes ; 

 face and throat naked; nostrils basal, linear, concealed; legs 

 short, strong, placed far behind, all the toes connected, by a 

 web; claw of middle toe serrated; wings long; tail conical, 

 consisting of twelve feathers. 



Plotus anhinga. White-bellied Darter. PI. 71, f. 31. Bill 

 long, quite straight, slender, fusiform, acuminate ; edges of 

 upper mandible dilated at the base, but otherwise compressed 

 and inflected ; both mandibles finely serrated . nostrils linear, 

 concealed in a shallow groove ; legs short, thick, strong, tarsus 

 considerably shorter than the middle and outer toe, all the toes 

 connected by a web ; wings long, tail very long. 



Phaeton phcenicunw. Common Tropic Bird. PI. 72, f. 27. 

 Bill length of the head, thick, strong, sharp at the edges, 

 greatly compressed, slightly sloping from the base, acuminate; 

 edges of mandibles dilated at the base, compressed and serrated 

 the rest of their length ; nostrils basal, lateral, pervious, covered 

 above and near the oase by a naked membrane ; legs very short, 

 placed far back ; all the toes connected by a web ; wings long ; 

 tail short, but with two very long filamentous central feathers. 



Colymbus glacialis. Great Northern Diver. PI. 71, f. 41. 

 Bill medium-sized, straight, much acuminate, compressed; 

 nostrils basal, latera', concave, oblong, half closed by a mem- 

 brane; legs placed far behind; tarsus compressed; toes very 

 long, webbed; hallux short, with a loose rudimentary web 

 wings short; tail very short, and rounded. 



Uriaalle. Little Guillemot. PI. 71, f. 23. Bill of medium 

 size, or short, strong, straight, acuminate, compressed ; upper 

 mandible slightly bent towards the point, lower, forming an 

 angle more or less open ; nostrils basal, pervious, lateral, con- 

 cave, longitudinally cleft, half closed by abroad feathered mem- 

 brane ; legs short, placed far behind ; tarsus slender ; feet with 

 three anterior toes only, entirely webbed ; wings short. 



Phalerit crittateUia. Tufted Stariki. PI. Tl, f. 31. Bill 

 shorter than the head, depressed, sides dilated, nearly quad- 

 rangular, notched at the point, lower inaudible forming a sali- 

 ent angle; nostri's pervious, in the middle of the bill, near the 



