376 



OUDE OUTWORKS. 



OUDE ; one of the provinces of Ilindoostan, in 

 the northern part of the country, lying between Agra 

 and Delhi on the west, and Bahar and Nepaul on the 

 east, with Allahabad on the south ; lat. 26 56' to 

 28 41' N. ; Ion. 81 E. Its length is about 200 

 miles, and its breadth about 100, with a population 

 of 3,700,000. The Ganges, the Gogra, and the 

 Goointy water the rich plain which forms this pro- 

 vince. The climate is mild, as the Nepaul moun- 

 tains protect it from the cold winds of the north. 

 Oude furnishes, in abundance, all the vegetable 

 wealth of India rice, wheat, and other grain, sugar- 

 canes, indigo, opium and is connected, by the 

 Ganges, with the bay of Bengal. Oude is a British 

 dependency ; the nominal sovereign (styled vizier of 

 the Mogul empire and nabob of Oude) resides at 

 Lucknow. The rajepoots, or military caste, serve 

 in the British army under the name of seapoys 

 (si pa his). 



OUDENARDE, or AUDENARDE ; a town of 

 Belgium, in East Flanders, capital of a district on the 

 Scheldt, supposed by some to have been built by the 

 Goths, about the year 411 ; twelve miles S. of 

 Ghent ; twenty-four N. E. Lille; population, 5084; 

 houses, 950. It is unfortified, but well built, and has 

 manufactures of woollens and linens. It has sus- 

 tained several sieges, but is best known in history by 

 the memorable victory gained over the French, on 

 the llth of July, 1708, by prince Eugene and the 

 duke of Marlborough. The French loss was 15,000; 

 that of the allies, 5000. 



OUDNEY. See Clapperton. 



OUEN, ST ; a small village about five miles N. of 

 Paris, with 1550 inhabitants. It has become cele- 

 brated in history by the declaration issued here by 

 Louis XVIII., May 2, 1814, promising to maintain 

 constitutional principles. The manufactures of Ter- 

 naux have also given it celebrity. In 1351, when 

 king John founded the order of the star, he assigned 

 to it, as its place of assembly, the chateau at St 

 Ouen, called Noble Maison, whence the knights were 

 often called chevaliers de Noble Maison. St Ouen is 

 adorned with numerous country seats. 



OUISCONSIN, or WISCONSIN ; a river of the 

 North-West Territory (q. v.). 



OUNCE. See Jaguar. 



OURANG-OUTANG. See Ape. 



OURCQ, CANAL DE L,', runs from the river of the 

 same name, and is chiefly intended to supply Paris 

 with water, and to feed the canals of St Denis and 

 St Martin. Its navigation is of little importance. 

 It supplies the reservoir La Villette, to the N. E. of 

 the city, from which the water is conducted into the 

 city by pipes. The expense was 24,000,000 francs. 



OUTFLANKING. See Flank. 



OUTLAWRY is the putting one out of the pro- 

 tection of the law. Anciently, in Britain, an out- 

 lawed felon was said to have caput lupinum (a wolf's 

 head), and might be knocked on the head like a wolf, 

 by any one that should meet him ; for having himself 

 renounced or evaded the law, he was to lose its pro- 

 tection, and be dealt with as in a state of nature, 

 where every one that should find him might slay him. 

 But the inhumanity of the law, in this respect, had 

 become softened as early as the times of Bracton ; 

 and now, no man is entitled to kill him wantonly, and 

 in so doing he is guilty of murder. A defendant is 

 outlawed, in Britain, upon certain proceedings being 

 had, when he does not appear to answer to an indict- 

 ment or process. In an indictment for treason or 

 felony, an outlawry of the party indicted is equiva- 

 lent to a conviction. Any one may arrest a person 

 outlawed on such an indictment, either of his own 

 motion, or upon a warrant, called a capias utlaga- 

 tvm, for the purpose of bringing him to execution. 



In other cases, the effect of outlawry is the forfeiture 

 of the goods of the outlaw to the king, in whom they 

 become vested for the benefit of the plaintiff, in the 

 suit in which the outlawry is had. Another conse- 

 quence of outlawry is, that the outlaw cannot bring 

 any suit or process in his own name ; he is, in this 

 respect, deprived of the benefit of the law, and is, 

 consequently, stripped of all his civil rights. The 

 object of these severe penalties is, to compel persons 

 sued in civil process, or indicted, to appear and 

 answer, instead of absconding and leaving the king- 

 dom. The law is careful that so heavy penalties 

 should not be incurred without sufficient grounds, 

 and the most exact and formal proceedings. It is, 

 accordingly, provided by Mugna Charta, that none 

 shall be outlawed otherwise than according to the 

 laws of the land. The ordinary proceeding for this 

 purpose is, to issue three writs successively, to' arrest 

 the defendant. If he is not to be found, the coroner 

 is ordered, by writ, to exact or demand him, in five 

 county courts successively, and the sheriff is ordered 

 to make proclamation three times, in the most public 

 places in the county of his residence, calling upon 

 him to appear and answer to the suit or indictment. 

 If he does not thereupon appear, a judgment of out- 

 lawry is passed. If, however, there is any, the 

 least, defect in the proceedings, this judgment may 

 be reversed on error. No process of outlawry is 

 known to be in use in any of the United States of 

 America. If a criminal escapes from the country, 

 the government authorizes its officers to make appli- 

 cation to the authority of the country to which he 

 flees, to surrender him, that he may be brought back 

 and put upon his trial. When a person, answerable 

 in a civil suit upon a contract, leaves the country, 

 the party to whom he is answerable may, in most 

 cases, follow him to the foreign country, to enforce 

 the contract against him there. 



OUTLINE, in drawing, is the representation of 

 an imaginary line circumscribing the boundary of 

 the visible superficies of objects, without indicating, 

 by shade or light, the elevations and depressions, 

 and without colour. Only one indication of light and 

 shade is used in outlines the greater lightness or 

 darkness of the lines, and a skilful artist can pro- 

 duce much effect with these scanty me&ns. The 

 study of contour, or outline, is of the greatest impor- 

 tance to the painter ; it is to him what the funda- 

 mental bass is to the musician. In recent times, 

 great attention has been paid to outline, and many 

 engravings have been published, representing only 

 the outlines of celebrated works of art, or original 

 compositions, in outlines, by celebrated artists, such 

 as Cornelius. In painting, the outlines may be sharp, 

 as in the ancient German school, or more soft and 

 less defined, as in the Italian school. 



OUT OF TRIM ; the state of a ship when she is 

 not properly balanced for the purposes of navigation, 

 which may be occasioned by a defect in the rigging, 

 or in the stowage of the hold. 



OUTRIGGER; a strong beam of timber, of which 

 there are several, fixed on the side of a ship, and 

 projecting from it, in order to secure the masts in the 

 act of careening, by counteracting the strain they 

 suffer from the effort of the careening tackles, which, 

 being applied to the mast-head, draw it downwards, 

 so as to act upon the vessel with the power of a 

 lever, whose fulcrum is in her centre of gravity. 



Outrigger is also a small boom, occasionally used 

 in the tops, to give additional security to the top- 

 mast. 



OUTWORKS are all works of a fortress which 

 are situated without the principal wall, within or 

 beyond the principal ditch. They are designed to 

 obstruct the attack upon the principal wall, to inter 



