PALESTINE PALEV. 



397 



Nazareth, and Cana. To the country beyond the 

 Jordan belonged the provinces of Perasa, the largest 

 and most southerly, with mount Gilead, Gaulonitis, 

 east of the lake of Genesareth, Batanea, and Tra- 

 chonitis, the smallest in the north. 



The different monuments at Jerusalem (see Jeru- 

 salem} give us the epochs of the history of Palestine. 

 The Christian kingdom of Jerusalem, founded in 1099, 

 by the crusaders, gave a new impulse to the prosper- 

 ity of the Holy Land ; it included the provinces on 

 this side the Jordan, together with Phoenicia and 

 Philistsea, and extended beyond the Jordan to the 

 deserts of Arabia. Its constitution was European ; 

 a patriarchate, four archbishoprics, richly endowed 

 monasteries, and ecclesiastical establishments, three 

 orders of knighthood, several earldoms and baronies, 

 were instituted ; tribunals were formed for the no- 

 bles and the third estate ; an army of from 12,000 to 

 20,000 men was kept on foot ; and the mosque built 

 by the caliph Omar in 637, upon the site of the tem- 

 ple of Solomon, was changed into a magnificent ca- 

 thedral. The increasing population, with moderate 

 taxes, a fruitful soil, and a favourable situation for 

 commerce, appear to have secured to this kingdom 

 prosperity and a long continuance. The kings, God- 

 frey of Bouillon (who died in 1100,) Baldwin, Anjou, 

 and Lusignan, ruled with mildness, and fought with 

 various success against the Saracens, whom the in- 

 ternal divisions of the reigning family, and the delay 

 of succour from Europe, enabled to reconquer the 

 kingdom. Saladin took Jerusalem in 1187, again 

 made the cathedral a mosque, and the gold of the 

 Syrian Christians alone preserved the church of the 

 holy sepulchre. After a hundred years of oppression, 

 the Christian rulers were at last, in 1291, entirely 

 driven from Palestine by the Mamelukes. Since 

 then, Palestine, laid waste by bands of Arabian rob- 

 bers, has smarted under the rod of the Mohamme- 

 dans, and now belongs to the pachalic of Damascus, 

 in the Turkish province of Soristan. 



Jerusalem, which has been sacked sixteen times, 

 offers now but the shadow of its former greatness. 

 The policy of the Turks, who raise a heavy contri- 

 bution from the few pilgrims from Christian lands, 

 who still visit this Jioly place, has not suffered the 

 total decay of the monuments of the history of Jesus, 

 which were designated during the Christian reigns 

 in the twelfth century. Chateaubriand, in his Jour- 

 nal of a Journey from Paris to Jerusalem, declares 

 that he saw, in the strongly fortified monastery at 

 Bethlehem, a church divided among Roman catholic, 

 Greek, and Armenian monks, with a subterraneous 

 chapel ; that it encloses the place where Jesus was 

 born, his manger, and the grave of the innocents, and 

 is adorned with beautiful pictures. In the neighbour- 

 hood of Jerusalem, the valley of Jehoshaphat, which 

 extends between mount Moria and the mount of 

 Olives, and is divided by the brook Kedron, is used 

 as a burial-place by the inhabitants of Jerusalem. 

 The garden of the mount of Olives, containing Geth- 

 semane, the chapel of the sepulchre of the holy vir- 

 gin, and the grotto of the bitter cup, has now a small 

 mosque at the place of the ascension. Sion is a hill 

 of a barren appearance and yellow colour; the house 

 of Caiaphas (now an Armenian church,) the house of 

 the preparation of the holy supper, and of the out- 

 pouring of the Holy Spirit (now a mosque with a 

 Turkish hospital.) and the palace of David, are to be 

 seen in ruins ; to the southward, in the valley of Hin- 

 nom (Tophet,) is the field of blood and the burial- 

 place of the kings ; in the interior of the city is the 

 via dolorosa (painful road,) through which Jesus 

 walked to the cross ; it is 500 paces in length, from 

 the house of Pilate (now in ruins,) to the church of 

 the holy sepulchre. This church, whose walls, ac- 



cording to the history of the crucifixion, enclose all 

 the places remarkable for the burial and resurrection 

 of Jesus, is 126 paces in length, and 70 in breadth. 

 It is in the form of a cross, with three domes, and is 

 built on uneven ground. Clergymen of eight nations 

 and different Christian sects, possess it by turns, and 

 perform in it public worship according to their re- 

 spective forms : Catholics (who are monks of St 

 Francis, from the monastery of St Salvator in Jeru- 

 salem,) Greeks, Abyssinians, Copts, Armenians, 

 Nestorians, and Jacobites, Georgians, and Maronites. 

 The priests, who perform the service, and the monks 

 of the different sects, commonly remain two months 

 in the church, until their place is taken by others. 

 Two hundred lamps burn day and night in the wide 

 rooms of the building. Its walls, in which are seen 

 the funeral monuments of Godfrey and Baldwin I., 

 appear to have been standing since the time of Con- 

 stantine the Great ; the architecture of the interior 

 is the work of the crusaders. This church was in- 

 jured by fire, October 12, 1808. The chapel of the 

 holy sepulchre remained uninjured, and the cupola, 

 covered with lead, which fell at the time of the fire, 

 has been replaced. Mr J. VV. Ingraham, published 

 at Boston (1828) Assheton's Map of Palestine, im- 

 proved, with a geographical index. 



PALESTRINA, GIOVANNI PIETRO ALOISIO, or 

 PERLUIGI DA, the most celebrated master of the old 

 Roman school of music, was born at Palestrina, the 

 ancient Preneste, whence his surname, // Prenestino. 

 He studied music under a master of the Gallo-Belgic 

 school,' whom some call Gaudimel. His genius 

 soon raised him to the first rank of musical compo- 

 sers, and effected a great reform in church music. 

 Towards the middle of the sixteenth century, 

 music was at so low an ebb, that pope Marcellus II. 

 had already formed the plan of banishing it from the 

 churches, when Palestrina, who had conceived juster 

 notions of the true character of church music, ob- 

 tained permission to execute one of his own composi- 

 tions before him. He accordingly performed the mass 

 for six voices, still known as the Missa Papas Mar- 

 celli, the elevation and simple beauty of which led 

 the pope to abandon his design. From that time mu- 

 sic became an essential part of the service of the Ca- 

 tholic church. Marcellus and his successor, Paul IV., 

 employed Palestrina to compose a number of similar 

 pieces for their chapel. In 1562, he was made cha- 

 pel-master of Santa Maria Maggiore, and, in 1571, 

 of St Peter. To this period we owe his greatest 

 productions. His style (called alia Palestrina) pre- 

 vailed over the Flemish school, which was then in 

 high repute throughout Europe. He died in 1594, 

 and was buried with great pomp at the foot of the 

 altar of St Simon and Juda, in St Peter's. His mo- 

 nument bears the inscription Johannes Petrus Aloy- 

 sius Palestrina, Musicte Princeps. Some of his pieces 

 are still performed, particularly his Fratres ego enim 

 accept, with the Stabat Mater and the Impropria, in 

 the Sistine chapel at Rome. 



PALEY, WILLIAM, a celebrated divine and philo- 

 sopher, was the son of a clergyman, who held a small 

 living, near Peterborough, and was born in 1743. 

 He was instructed under his father, who became mas- 

 ter of a grammar school in Yorkshire, whence he was 

 removed as a sizar to Christ-church college, Cam- 

 bridge. He soon obtained a scholarship, and, in 1763, 

 having highly distinguished himself as a disputant on 

 questions of natural and moral philosophy, took his 

 first degree. He was afterwards employed for three 

 years as an assistant to an academy at Greenwich, 

 and, in 1766, was elected a fellow of his college, and 

 appointed one of its tutors. The lectures which he 

 then delivered on the Greek Testament and on moral 

 philosophy, contain the outlines of the works by 



