400 



PALLAS PALM. 



his Spicilegia Zoologica, which reached its fourteenth 

 number. The empress Catharine was at that time 

 seeking for a naturalist to explore her immense em- 

 pire. In 1768, Pallas was invited to Petersburg as 

 academician, and performed his first journey through 

 several provinces of Russia, the Journal of which was 

 published at the expense of the empress (Petersburg, 

 1771 76, 4to.). In 1777, he became a member of 

 the committee for the measurement and topography 

 of the Russian empire. In the mean time, botany 

 had become his favourite study, and he made several 

 excursions into various provinces of the empire to 

 examine their plants. The magnificent Flora Ros- 

 siea, begun at Petersburg in the early part of 1785, 

 but afterwards dropped, was the first fruit of these 

 botanical tours. No part, indeed, of the history of 

 nature or man was untouched by him, as is manifest 

 from his Historical Collections ; his New Essays on 

 the North ; his excellent Icones Insectorum, and his 

 Contributions to the Glossary of all the Languages 

 and Dialects of the Russian Empire. In 1785, he 

 was made a member of the imperial academy of 

 sciences at Petersburg, and knight of the order of 

 Wladimir, and, in 1787, historiographer to the ad- 

 miralty college. As it was his desire to reside in 

 Taurida, the empress gave him several estates in the 

 most fertile portion of the south of the peninsula, 

 and, after 1796, Pallas lived at Sympheropol with a 

 large income. One of the fruits of his last journey, 

 which he undertook with Geisler, of Leipsic, at his 

 own expense, was the work entitled Remarks on a 

 Journey through the Southern Governments of Russia 

 (Leipsic, 1799 and 1801, 2 vols., 4to). The second 

 part of this book is devoted exclusively to the 

 /rimea, which was thus first completely laid open to 

 us. Besides fourteen numbers of the Species Astraga- 

 lorum, which may be regarded as a monument of 

 that journey, we will mention, on account of its inte- 

 resting views, his Observations sur la Formation des 

 Montagues et les Changemens arrives au Globe, par- 

 ticulierement d VEgard de I'Empire Russe. The 

 residence of Pallas in Taurida was disturbed by the 

 lawlessness of the natives. Soon after the death of 

 his wife, he made great sacrifices to visit an elder 

 brother at Berlin, where he died, Sept. 8, 1811. A 

 part of his valuable collections he bequeathed to the 

 university of Berlin. 



PALLAS. See Minerva and Planets. 



PALLET ; among painters, a little oval tablet, or 

 piece of wood or ivory, very thin and smooth, on 

 and round which the painters place the several colours 

 they have occasion for, to be ready for the pencel. 

 The middle serves to 

 mix the colours on 

 and to make the tints 

 required in the work. 

 It has no handle, but 

 instead thereof a hole 

 at one end to put the 



thumb through to hold ^^ IV //At \ 147* 



it. 



PALLIUM, or 

 PALL ; the woollen 

 mantle which the Ro- 

 man emperors were 

 accustomed, from the 

 fourth century, to send 

 to the patriarchs and 

 primates of the empire, 

 and which was worn 

 as a mark of ecclesi- 

 astical dignity. The 

 annexed cut repre- 

 sents one in the cos- 

 tume of a pallium. In 



the fifth century, the patriarchs, with the consent of 

 the emperors, began to send the pall to the archbi- 

 shops, on their entrance into their dignity, and they 

 were obliged to wear it while discharging the higher 

 functions of their office. It became customary, how- 

 ever, to regard the giving of the pallium to arch- 

 bishops as a sign that their election was confirmed by 

 the patriarchs ; and the council of Constantinople, in 

 872, decreed that all archbishops should be confirmed 

 by their patriarchs, either by the imposition of hands, 

 or by the sending of the pall. The popes possessed 

 themselves of the right of confirmation in the West, 

 and, at first, required of the archbishop, who was in- 

 vested with the pall, only a written promise of cano- 

 nical obedience to the papal see ; but, from the tenth 

 century, exacted a considerable tax on investiture. 

 Notwithstanding the great increase of this tax, the 

 pallium was, until lately, regarded as an indispensable 

 mark of confirmation by the pope, and was sent to 

 every archbishop, and to some of the principal bishops, 

 when entering upon their office. Since the twelfth 

 century, it has consisted of a white woollen band or 

 fillet, three or four fingers broad, which is thrown over 

 the shoulders outside of the sacerdotal vestments ; one 

 band hanging over the back, and another, somewhat 

 longer, over the breast, and both are ornamented with 

 a red chaplet. This ornament, as simple as it is 

 costly (a sum from three to four thousand pounds was 

 sometimes paid for it), is made by the nuns in the 

 convent of St Agnes in Rome, from the wool of 

 consecrated sheep, and is buried with its wearer. 



PALL MALL. See Mall. 



PALM, JOHN PHILIP, a citizen and bookseller of 

 Nuremberg, whom we mention because his fate con- 

 tributed not a little to increase the hatred of the 

 Germans against the French, and to sharpen their 

 weapons against Napoleon at a later period. Palm 

 was born in 1766. In the year 1806, his establish- 

 ment sent to various other bookselling houses a pam- 

 phlet, entitled Germany in her deepest Humiliation, 

 on the whole a superficial work, but containing bit- 

 ter attacks on Napoleon and his troops in Bavaria. 

 Palm asserted, to the last moment of his life, that he 

 had no knowledge of the work, which was sent to 

 him to be forwarded, as is customary in Germany. 

 The police of Napoleon, which was spread all over 

 Germany, learned the fact that Palm had forwarded 

 it. He requested a judicial investigation from the 

 authorities at Nuremberg, but it was refused. Being 

 afterwards at Munich, he received information from 

 his wife that he was prosecuted. Though he might 

 have fled, he returned to Nuremberg. He now, how- 

 ever, found it necessary to conceal himself. A beggar 

 boy appeared at his house, and requested to see him 

 in order to get alms. Palm gave him something, 

 and immediately French gens d'armes entered and 

 seized him. Soon after, he was carried to general 

 Bernadotte, in Anspach, where a trial was again re- 

 fused, because, as the aid-de-camp of the marshal 

 said, his arrest was the consequence of a direct order 

 from Paris. He was sent to Brunau. Berthier de- 

 clared that nothing could be done for him, though 

 the most respectable people interfered for him. The 

 process was hurried, no counsel allowed to Palm, 

 though the sentence states the contrary, and the 

 whole trial was carried on by an interpreter. The 

 unhappy man was condemned to death, because he 

 could not say who had sent the parcel containing the 

 pamphlet, in which, however, no call for insurrection 

 or assassination was to be found. He expected the 

 news of his liberation, when his door was opened, 

 August 26 ; but it was to announce to him the order 

 for his execution. St Hilaire declared that none 

 could pardon but the emperor himself, if he were 

 present ; he, it was said, had ordered the immediate 



