PAMPLONA PANCKOUCKE. 



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PAMPLONA, or PAMPELUNA (anciently Pom- 

 ptlo, or Pompeiopolis); a city of Spain, and capital 

 of Navarre, situated on the Arga, in a plain near the 

 Pyrenees, founded by Pompey ; 78 miles north-west 

 of Saragossa, 172 north-east of Madrid ; Ion. 1 41' 

 W. ; lat. 42 50' N. ; population, 14,054. The 

 town is strongly fortified, surrounded by walls, and 

 has two castles, a cathedral, thirteen monasteries, 

 four hospitals, and a college. It is situated in a fer- 

 tile and well cultivated country, but lias few manu- 

 factures. It was taken by general Lauriston (q. v.) 

 in 1823. 



PAN ; an Arcadian rural divinity, son of Hermes 

 and a nymph, or of Penelope. He is represented as 

 old, with a crooked nose, two horns, pointed ears, a 

 goat's beard, goat's tail, and goat's feet with a pipe 

 (see Syrinx), and carrying a crooked shepherd's staff. 

 He was first worshipped at Athens, after the battle of 

 Marathon, in which it was pretended that he had as- 

 sisted the Athenians. This shepherd god was after- 

 wards made the all-supporting god of nature, and 

 personified the universe (TO -rat ; compare Servius on 

 Virgil, eclogue ii. 31). He was also introduced into 

 the earlier fables, as in that of the battle of the Ti- 

 tans. He distinguished himself in musical contests, 

 and by playing on the pipe, which he invented, and 

 with which he contended for the prize with Apollo. 

 (See Syrinx.) Some appear to have honoured him 

 also as the inventor of the flute of reedg. Pan is the 

 protector of the herds at pasture, of wild beasts, of 

 fishes, and takes care of the bees of the husbandman, 

 on which account, milk and honey were offered to 

 him. Evander is said to have introduced his worship 

 into Italy. He was here considered as corresponding 

 to Faunus, and several festivals were celebrated in 

 his honour, as the Lupercalia, in honour of Pan Lu- 

 percus, tht protector against wolves. From Pan 

 comes the expression panic fear. According to 

 Plutarch, it was the Pans and Satyrs dwelling at 

 Chemnos who first announced the death of Osiris, and 

 thereby caused so much terror that, since then, every 

 sudden, groundless fear lias been called panic. Ac- 

 cording to Polyasnus, Pan saved the army of Bacchus 

 from great danger by a wild scream, a thousand times 

 repeated by the echoes of the woods and rocks. In 

 the battle of the Titans, Pan terrified the enemy by 

 blowing in a sea conch. The ancients believed that 

 great armies were often struck during the night with 

 a sudden terror, caused by some god or demon to 

 punish presumption. 



PANACEA; a daughter of Escnlapius ; the god- 

 dess of healing. She is an allegorical creation of 

 poets and artists. Her name (nttt/axua.) signifies the 

 "all-healing;" hence panacea, a universal remedy. 



PANAGIA ; the Greek name for the picture of 

 the Holy Virgin, of which the Greek Catholics have 

 one in every house, on board of vessels, &c., before 

 which candles are kept burning. 



PANAMA ; a city of Colombia, capital of the de- 

 partment of the Isthmus (New Grenada), on the bay 

 of the same name ; lat. 8 58' N. ; Ion. 79 27' W. ; 

 population, 20,000. It contains a college, numerous 

 churches and monasteries, a cathedral, an hospital, 

 &c. The roadstead is exposed to violent north winds, 

 and the bay is so shallow that ships are obliged to re- 

 main several miles below the town, and discharge by 

 flat-bottomed boats. The commerce, however, is 

 considerable, principally with the British of Jamaica, 

 and the North Americans. The pearl fishery fur- 

 nishes a yearly export to the value of above .9,000. 

 The commerce of Panama was very flourishing while 

 the Spanish intercourse with South America was car- 

 ried on in the galleons ; but it has since declined. 

 The climate is unhealthy, and the heat excessive. 

 See Congress. 



PANAMA, CONGRESS OF. See Congress. 



PANAMA, ISTHMUS OF. The result of a series 

 of levelings, carried across the isthmus in 1829, by 

 Messrs Lloyd and Falmark, in the employ of the Co- 

 lombian government, enables us tocorrectsome state- 

 ments in the article Darien. From the account of 

 Mr Lloyd, communicated to the royal society in 1830, 

 it appears that, in the narrowest part of the isthmus, 

 there is a break of several miles in the great chain 

 of the Andes, particularly between Chagres and 

 Chame, where there are extensive plains, not more 

 than 300 500 feet in height. After 935 pair of 

 levelings from Panama to La Bruja, near the mouth 

 of the Chagres, it was found that high water mark in 

 the Pacific is 13 55 feet higher than in the Atlantic, 

 but that, at half-tide, the level of the Pacific is the 

 same with that of the Atlantic ; and, at low tide, is 

 several feet lower. These circumstances induced the 

 Colombian government to conceive the plan of a ca- 

 nal from Panama to Puerto Velo, on the Atlantic side, 

 which has a large and secure harbour, and is distant 

 forty-three miles north-north-west from Panama. A 

 railroad between the two cities is already in progress. 



PANARD, CHARLES FRANCIS ; a French poet, 

 born about 1690, at Courville, near Chartres, where 

 he had a trifling employment, and lived some time in 

 obscurity, until the comedian Le Grand, having seen 

 some of his pieces, encouraged him to write for the 

 stage, in which department he became very success- 

 ful. Marmontel calls him the " La Fontaine of the 

 Vaudeville,'' both from the nafvete of his writing and 

 the simplicity of his character. His works are 

 occasionally incorrect and negligent; but they are 

 always stamped with nature, sentiment, wit, and good 

 sense. He knew perfectly well how to sharpen the 

 point of an epigram ; but his satire was always di- 

 rected to the vice, not to the person. He died in 

 1755. His works were printed in four volumes, 

 12mo, entitled Theatre et (Euvres diverses. 



PANATHEN^EA ; a festival celebrated at 

 Athens, in honour of its tutelary deity, Minerva. 

 Ericthonius, who instituted it (according to some, 

 Orpheus was the founder), called it Athen&a; but, 

 when Theseus united the inhabitants of twelve 

 districts into a city, the festival received the name 

 panathencca (from -rav, universal), because it was 

 thenceforth solemnized by all the tribes of Athens. 

 The panathenaa were distinguished into the greater 

 and the less, in both of which three kinds of games 

 were exhibited, conducted by ten presidents (athlo- 

 thetae). On the first day were races with torches in 

 the Ceramicus ; on the second, gymnical exercises, 

 and imitations of naval fights ; on the third contests 

 of music and declamation, and dramatic representa- 

 tions. An olive crown from the groves of Acade- 

 mus, and a vessel full of the finest oil, were the re- 

 wards of the victor. Then followed the sacrifices, 

 and the sacrificial feast. The greater panathcneea 

 were distinguished from the less not only by their 

 greater splendour and longer continuance, but parti- 

 cularly by the solemn procession, in which the peplus, 

 a sacred garment, consecrated by young virgins, and 

 made of white wool, and adorned with gold em- 

 broidery, representing the battle of the giants, was 

 carried from the Acropolis into the temple of the 

 goddess, whose ivory statue was covered with it. 

 The peplus was also used in the panafhenaa as the 

 sail of a ship, which was moved through the streets 

 by secret machinery, and accompanied by a solemn 

 procession. This festival was so holy, that criminals 

 were released from the prisons on the occasion of its 

 celebration, and gold crowns were conferred on men 

 of distinguished merit. 



PANCKOUCKE, ANDREW JOSEPH ; a bookseller 

 at Lisle, in Flanders, where he died in 1753, aged 

 2c 2 



