40 J 



PANCKOUCKE- PANIN NIKITA IVANO\ITCH. 



fifty-two. He was the author of several popular and 

 useful compilations, and some original works. 



PANCKOUCKE, CHARLES JOSEPH, son of the pre- 

 ceding, was also a bookseller, and a man of letters. 

 He was born at Lisle in 1736, and,'at the age of 

 twenty-eight, settled at Paris, previously to which 

 period, he had made himself known by some publi- 

 cations from the press, and mathematical pieces, 

 which lie had sent to the academy of sciences. His 

 house became the resort of the most distinguished 

 authors ; and he conducted himself with great liber- 

 ality to those with whom he was connected in his 

 literary enterprises. He engaged in the publication 

 of the Mercure de France, and various other periodi- 

 cal works, and established the Moniteur, under the 

 direction of H. B. Maret, since duke of Bassano. 

 He also formed the plan of the Encyclopedic Me- 

 thodigtie, consisting of a number of distinct diction- 

 aries of the various branches of art, science, and 

 literature, of which ninety parts had been published 

 in 1822. Panckoucke died December 19, 1798. He 

 was the author of De VHomme et de la Reproduction 

 des differents Individus (1761, 12mo) ; Traduction 

 Libre de Lucrece (1768, 2 vols., 12mo) ; and other 

 works. 



PANCRAS; one of the many villages which have, 

 in course of time, become part of London ; one mile 

 and a half north of London Proper. In its well- 

 known burial-place for Catholics, lie Paoli, the che- 

 valier D'Eon (q. v.), Cavallo, Woollet, &c. 



PANCRATIUM ; one of the contests of the an- 

 cient Greeks, in which all four kinds of fighting were 

 used (see Gymnasium") also a contest in which no 

 means of obtaining the victory were left untried, 

 where the antagonists both wrestled and fought with 

 the fist ; also a fight for life and death. 



PANDEMONIUM ; a general temple for the 

 gods and demigods of antiquity ; an assembly of 

 (lemons. 



PANDECTS (from *v, every thing, and $i%t<74ai, 

 to include) ; a part of the corpus juris civilis. It 

 consists of a collection, systematically arranged, from 

 the works of Roman lawyers on jurisprudence, to 

 which the emperor Justinian (by whose command the 

 collection was made) gave the force of law, A. D. 

 533, at the same time declaring all the writings of 

 the jurists, and collections of the law, which had 

 previously been authorities, of no force. They were 

 also called digesta, (from digerere, to arrange), be- 

 cause they were a collection of the scattered contents 

 of many works. See Civil Law. 



PANDEMOS ; a Grecian surname of Venus. Ac- 

 cording to some authors, Theseus introduced the 

 worship of Venus Pandemos at Athens, when he 

 first collected into one whole the different tribes 

 Qnfj,n) of Attica. According to others, this surname 

 arose from the circumstance that the temple of Venus 

 was situated in the market, the place of assembly of 

 the whole people (vatm; tnpou); according to others, 

 still, because Solon built this temple with the money 

 which the public girls were obliged to pay. But 

 Venus was worshipped under this name in other 

 places at an early period. The image of Venus 

 Pandemos at Elis, riding upon a he-goat, by the side 

 of that of Venus Urania, is worthy of notice. Venus 

 Pandemos here appears in opposition to celestial 

 love, as a symbol of prostitution. 



"PANDIT, in Hindoostan ; a learned Brahmin ; 

 one versed in the Sanscrit language, and in the 

 sciences, laws, and religion of the country. 



PANDOORS ; the name formerly given to the 

 Servian or Raitzian foot-soldiers, coming from the 

 mom 1 tains in the neighbourhood of the village Pan- 

 dur, in the county of Sol, in Lower Hungary. They 

 were at first irregular troops. In 1750, they were 



mnde regular troops. They were formerly dreaded 

 for their savage mode of warfare. 



PANDORA (from *., every, ?, gift); the first 

 woman; so called because she received gifts from all 

 the Olympians. Prometheus, driven from Olympus 

 by Jupiter, had formed man, and animated him with 

 fire stolen from heaven. The indignant father of the 

 gods determined to punish the offence. He com- 

 manded Vulcan to form a woman of clay, equal to 

 the goddesses in beauty and grace, and to give her 

 life and the power of speech. The god executed the 

 command. According to other accounts, she was 

 the creature of Prometheus, and the gods came down 

 to see her, and conferred their gifts on her. Minerva 

 instructed her in all works of female skill. Venus 

 endowed her with beauty and fascination. Mercury 

 inspired her with a desire of pleasing, and taught in- 

 sinuating words. Minerva carried her thus equipped 

 into the assembly of the gods, and all admired the 

 work. Jupiter, who presented to her a box or a 

 chest, in which were contained all human woes, then 

 sent Mercury to Epimetheus, the brother of Prome- 

 theus, with the fatal present. Prometheus had 

 warned him not to receive any of Jupiter's gifts ; but 

 the charms of the virgin overcame his caution. Till 

 that time, man had lived free from evil, from oppres- 

 sive labour, and from disease. But Pandora brought 

 with her the whole host of calamities, which rushed 

 out, and spread over the whole world. When Epi- 

 metheus, or, as some say, Pandora, had, out of curi- 

 osity, raised the cover of the box, which a divine 

 command had forbidden them to open. Hope alone 

 remained at the bottom of the box, which was sud- 

 denly closed by the rash opener ; and she alone ena- 

 bles man to endure his miseries and hardships. 



PANEGYRIC ; a eulogy, either written or spoken, 

 the object of which is to give a favourable represen- 

 tation of some person or thing. Historical truth is 

 so far rendered subordinate, that the author exagge- 

 rates the excellence of the subject, to inspire others 

 with his own admiration. In the Grecian republics, 

 this department of oratory was much cultivated, and 

 the panegyric of Isocrates (q. v.), notwithstanding its 

 artificial elaborateness, is a masterpiece of finished 

 writing. In Roman literature, the best which we 

 possess is the panegyric of Pliny the younger on 

 Trajan, both in classical style and in rhetorical ar- 

 rangement. The later Roman panegyrists of the 

 third and fourth century, are valuable only to the 

 historian who is seeking for facts. Among the mod- 

 erns, the French have something similar in their 

 eloges. 



PANEL ; a schedule or roll of such jurors as the 

 sheriff returns to pass upon any trial ; and impanelling 

 a jury, is returning their names in such schedule of 

 parchment. In Scottish law, the prisoner at the bar 

 is the panel. 



PANEL, in joinery, is a tympanum or square 

 piece of thin wood, sometimes carved, framed, or 

 grooved in a larger piece between two upright pieces 

 and two cross pieces. 



PANIN NIKITA IVANOVITCH, COUNT ; a Rus- 

 sian minister of state, born in 1718. His family was 

 originally from Lucca, in Italy; his father was 

 general-lieutenant in the reign of Peter I. The 

 young Panin served, at first in the guards of the em- 

 press Elizabeth, became chamberlain in 1747, was 

 minister plenipotentiary to Copenhagen, and, two 

 years afterwards, to Stockholm. On his return, he 

 was made governor of the grand-prince Paul Petro- 

 vitch, and, when Catharine II. ascended the throne, 

 in 1762, was appointed minister of state. The war 

 against the Turks, to which the troubles in Poland gave 

 rise ; the exchange of the duchy of Holstein for the 

 counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst (see Olden- 



