PAO- PAPA W. 



407 



year 1536. The works in all languages are chrono- 

 logically arranged, the place of printing given, also a 

 short account of them, and the libraries and publica- 

 tions in which they are contained. Panzer died July 

 9, 1805, leaving a very valuable library. 



PAO; Chinese for fortress, the same as Tchai, 

 Ouei, &c., all of which appear in geographical 

 names. 



PAOLI, PASCAL, a Corsican officer, distinguished by 

 his exertions to maintain the independence of his na- 

 tive country, was born in Corsica, in 1726, and was the 

 second son of Hyacinthus Paoli, a man of considera- 

 ble influence in the island. The circumstances of the 

 country inducing him to remove, with his family, to 

 Naples, Pascal was there educated at the Jesuits' 

 college. He was still engaged in the prosecution of 

 his studies, when his countrymen, who had long been 

 struggling for freedom against the Genoese, by whom 

 they were held in subjection, sent him an invitation 

 to become their chief. He accepted the proposal, 

 t'iiid, going to Corsica, was appointed to the supreme 

 government of the island in July, 1755. Having 

 organized a regular plan for the conduct of affairs, 

 both civil and military, Paoli opposed the Genoese 

 with such spirit and success, that, after they had car- 

 ried on hostilities against him for nearly ten years, 

 they entered into a treaty with France, in pursuance 

 of which a body of French troops was sent to their 

 assistance ; and, finding themselves still unable to 

 conquer the island, they at length made a surrender 

 of their claims of sovereignty over it to the French 

 government. The duke de Choiseul endeavoured to 

 prevail on Paoli to submit to the new arrangement, 

 and accept of the office of commander-in-chief, un- 

 der the authority of France. But he rejected all 

 overtures of accommodation, and opposed with vigour 

 the dangerous enemies he had now to encounter. At 

 first he was successful, and a much greater force than 

 had been anticipated was found requisite for the sub- 

 jugation of Corsica. Fresh bodies of troops were 

 sent thither, and, overpowered by numbers, Paoli 

 found it necessary to consult his personal safety by 

 flight from his native country. He made his way to 

 the sea coast, and, embarking on board an English 

 vessel, went to England, where he obtained from the 

 government a pension of .1200 a year. In 1789, the 

 island was recognised by a decree of the national 

 assembly, as a department of France ; and Paoli, 

 being invited to resume his station at the head of af- 

 fairs, resigned his pension, and took his departure 

 from England. April 23, 1790, attended by deputies 

 from Corsica, he presented himself at the bar of the 

 national assembly at Paris, where he was received 

 with enthusiasm, and took the oath of fidelity to the 

 French government. The progress of the revolution 

 disappointed the hopes which he had conceived ; but 

 he continued the connexion with France till after the 

 execution of Louis XVI., when he abandoned his 

 allegiance, and was invested with his original digni- 

 ties of president of the consulta, or national council, 

 and commander-in-chief of the island. He was en- 

 couraged to adopt these measures by the promise of 

 assistance from Great Britain ; and in February, 

 1794, a British army landed in Corsica. On the 

 14th of June following, a meeting took place of de- 

 puties from the different parts of the island, when, 

 through the influence of Paoli, a decree was made, 

 dec aring the separation of Corsica from France, and 

 its union to the British empire. Paoli subsequently 

 returned to England, in consequence of some differ- 

 ence with the viceroy, Sir G. Eliot. Having had the 

 misfortune to lose the bulk of his property through a 

 commercial failure at Leghorn, he was reduced to 

 difficulties on hij return to London ; but, his pension 

 being restored, lie was relieved from his embarrass- 



ment, and passed the remainder of his days in tran- 

 quillity. He died in London, February 5, 1807. See 

 Boswell's Account of Corsica. 



PAOLO, FBA. See Paul of Venice. 



PAOLO GIOVIO. See Jovius. 



PAPACY. See Pope. . 



PAPAS. The ancient Greek ***< (papa, father), 

 at present the name given to every clergyman in the 

 Greek Catholic church, is the original of papa, pope, 

 papst, pope, &c. Zealous as cardinal Baronius is for 

 the glory of the Roman see, he allows that in the 

 East, as well as in the West, the title papas (or pope) 

 belonged to all bishops in the first centuries ; and tile 

 title was even bestowed on venerable clerks. In 

 the times of Cyprian, St Ambrosius, Jerome, Augus- 

 tine, every bishop had the title of pope, as their writ- 

 ings show. At the seventh oecumenical council, in 

 869, at Constantinople, only the four patriarchs of 

 the Greek church were called popes, and the bishop of 

 Rome determined to appropriate the title to himself ; 

 but it required the iron hand of Gregory VII. to car- 

 ry the plan into effect. He assembled some Italian 

 bishops at Rome, in 1073, who formed an assembly 

 called a council, which excommunicated the emperor 

 Henry, and declared that no one had the right to 

 the title of pope except the bishop of Rome. 



PAPAW. The plant so named, in the United 

 States of America, is a shrub, or rarely a small 

 tree, inhabiting all parts of the country south of 

 the fortieth parallel of latitude, and even some 

 degrees farther north, on the western side of the 

 Alleghanies. It is rare, however, in the lower 

 parts of the Southern States, and is most abundant in 

 the basin of the Ohio, where it sometimes forms 

 thickets occupying exclusively several acres. Its 

 presence is indicative of extreme fertility in the soil ; 

 and, in a favourable situation, it sometimes attains the 

 height of thirty feet, with a diameter, at base, of six 

 or eight inches. The papaw has received from 

 botanists the name of asimina triloba, and belongs t-i 

 the anonacets, a family of plants almost exclusively 

 tropical. The leaves are five or six inches lonp, 

 elongated, and wedge-shaped ; the flowers are large, 

 pendent, and dark purplish brown ; the fruit is about 

 three inches long, thick, fleshy, and contains sevsral 

 large triangular stones ; when ripe, it is of a yellow- 

 ish colour, and the pulp is soft and edible, but it is 

 insipid to the taste, and is not much esteemed. The 

 wood is extremely soft, spongy, and is applied to no 

 use in the arts. The cellular integument of the bark, 

 especially of the roots, exhales a nauseous odour. 

 Three other species of asimina inhabit the more 

 southern parts of the United States, and a fourth is 

 found in Mexico. These, together with the common 

 papaw, constitute a genus exclusively North American. 

 The true papaw (carica papaya) is a widely different 

 plant, and a native of the East Indies. It has very 

 much of the habit of a palm, and attains the height 

 of about twenty feet, having a thick, simple stem, 

 herbaceous in its consistence, and naked till within 

 about two feet of the top, and marked with the cica- 

 trices of the fallen leaves, throughout the greater part 

 of its length. The leaves have long footstalks, are 

 very large, deeply divided into seven, nine, or eleven 

 lobes, which are sinuate and incised. The male 

 flowers are pure white, agreeably scented, and are 

 disposed in loose clusters upon long peduncles ; the 

 female flowers are very numerous, large, and bell- 

 shaped, composed of six yellow petals, and are sup- 

 ported on short simple peduncles. The fruit is oval, 

 furrowed, about as large as a small melon, full of a 

 sweetish pulp, and contains oblong, wrinkled, and 

 brown or blackish seeds. It is eaten both in a crude 

 state and prepared in various manners, and has an 

 aromatic, sweetish, and tolerably agreeable flavour; 



