410 



PAPER MONEY PAPPENHEIM. 



as the patentee can unite different kinds of paper to- 

 gether, or paper with plain or figured silk or cotton, 

 :ui ciulless variety of effect may be produced. 



PAPER MONEY. See Circulating Medium. 



PAPER MULBERRY. See Mulberry. 



PAPHOS. There are two cities of this name in 

 the island of Cyprus old Paphos, ten stadia distant 

 from the western coast, upon a height ; and new 

 Paphos, situated on the sea-shore. The first was 

 famous in antiquity for the worship of Venus, thence 

 called Paphia or Cypria. It was said that Venus 

 here first landed, when she arose out of the sea. Here 

 was an old image of the goddess, not made to repre- 

 sent the human form, but a white, twisted stone, 

 terminating in a point ; also the oldest temple in the 

 island, which contained large treasures, and in which 

 bloodless offerings were presented to Venus (Astarte, 

 Aphrodite), such as incense and garlands of flowers. 

 This image, together with an old tradition, seems 

 to prove that the early worship of the goddess, in this 

 place, was accommodated to the Phoenician and Syrian 

 religious rites. New Paphos was famous as a place 

 of commerce, and for its harbour ; it suffered greatly 

 by earthquakes, and was nearly destroyed by them 

 during the reign of Augustus. Paul here preached 

 the gospel to the proconsul Sergius. 



PAPIER MAC HE is a substance made of cuttings 

 of white or brown paper, boiled in water, arid beaten 

 in a mortar till they are reduced into a kind of paste, 

 and then boiled with a solution of gum Arabic, or of 

 size, to give tenacity to the paste, which is afterwards 

 formed into different toys, &c., by pressing it into 

 oiled moulds. When dry, it is covered with a mix- 

 ture of size and lamp black, and varnished. 



PAPILIO, OR BUTTERFLY; a large genus of 

 insects belonging to the lepidoptera, now divided into 

 a great number of sub-genera, the genus papilto of 

 Linnaeus forming the family of diurnce of Latreille, 

 whilst the genus is restricted to such of this family as 

 have naked chrysalids, of an angular form, and at- 

 tached by the tail ; the perfect insect lias six legs ; 

 the internal border of the inferior wings is concave or 

 scalloped ; in fact, it only includes the first division 

 of the Linnaean genus, viz. the equites. One of the 

 most remarkable and interesting circumstances con- 

 nected with this beautiful class is their series of trans- 

 formations before reaching a perfect state. The fe- 

 male butterfly lays a great quantity of eggs, which 

 produce caterpillars, destructive to the foliage of al- 

 most all vegetables. After a short life, these assume 

 a new form, and become chrysalids the tomb of the 

 caterpillar and the cradle of the butterfly. These 

 chrysalids are attached in various ways, and are of 

 various forms ; some of a corneous appearance, with 

 brilliant golden or argentine spots ; others resembling 

 a silken pod ; within this covering the proscribed and 

 often disgusting caterpillar becomes the agile and 

 brilliant butterfly a change which poets have made 

 typical of immortality. The mode in which the per- 

 fect insect is packed in his narrow cell, is very cu- 

 rious. It is fully described in the works of Swam- 

 nierdam. When the period of its confinement has 

 elapsed, the fly escapes from his prison house by dis- 

 gorging a frothy liquor, which dissolves the glutinous 

 matter that gives solidity to the chrysalis, and this at 

 last yields to the efforts of the enclosed insect, when 

 it emerges perfectly formed for flight, but unable to 

 use its wings until the air has given them consistence. 

 If, however, the heat of the weather is too great, in- 

 stead of expanding into a firm and flat membrane, 

 they present a folded or corrugated appearance, and 

 re wholly useless. These insects, in their perfect 

 form, take little food : for a short time, they void a 

 fluid of a reddish colour, perhaps the remains of food, 

 ingested before their last change. This discharge 



is probably the cause of the showers of blood spoken 

 of by early writers, which occasioned so much alarm. 

 A single female butterfly produces several hundred 

 eggs, but their over increase is checked by a host of 

 enemies. A single pair of sparrows, it is calculated, 

 will destroy upwards of 3000 caterpillars in a week : 

 great numbers are also killed by a species of fly, 

 which deposits its eggs in the caterpillar, where they 

 hatch, and the produced larvas feed on the internal 

 parts of their unhappy nurse. See Cramer, Reau- 

 mur, Madame Merian, &c. 



PAPIN, DENYS, an eminent natural philosopher, 

 was a native of Blois, in France. After finishing his 

 studies, he made a visit to England, and, in 1680, was 

 admitted a fellow of the royal society. Being a Pro- 

 testant, the revocation of the edict of Nantes prevent- 

 ed him from returning to his native country, and, on 

 leaving England, he settled at Marburgh, in Ger- 

 many, as a teacher of mathematics. Papin chiefly 

 distinguished himself by his researches concerning the 

 power of steam, and the influence of mechanical pres- 

 sure in retarding the ebullition of liquids. He sug- 

 gested the principle which led to the invention of the 

 steam-engine (see Newcommen) ; but he is best known 

 for an invention of his own, denominated Papin's 

 digester (see Digester], to soften bones, &c. 



PAPINIANUS, ^EMILIUS; the greatest Roman 

 lawyer of his time, born under Antoninus Pius, in the 

 year 140, and a native either of Berieventum, in Italy, 

 or of Syria. He applied himself to the study of 

 Grecian and Roman literature, philosophy and juris- 

 prudence, and, by his solid learning and inflexible 

 integrity, obtained great credit and influence, was 

 honoured with the first offices of state, and, at last, 

 was chosen prefect of the pretorian guards. Tha 

 emperor Severus, on his death-bed, recommend- 

 ed to his care his two sons, Caracalla and Geta. 

 Papinian tried all means of preserving concord be- 

 tween them, but his remonstrances were so disagree- 

 able to Caracalla, that he at last removed him from 

 his place, though he still continued to treat him, out- 

 wardly, as a friend and confidant. When Caracalla 

 had caused his brother to be assassinated, he asked 

 Papinian to justify the deed, but received for answer, 

 that it was easier to commit fratricide than to justify 

 it, and that it would be a second murder to sully the 

 memory of an innocent man. Caracalla concealed 

 his anger ; but, when the pretorian guards, probably 

 at the instigation of the tyrant, demanded the head 

 of Papinian, he gave him up to their fury, and caused 

 him to be executed, in the year 212. Papinian wrote 

 several works, and educated several distinguished 

 scholars. His reputation as a lawyer was so high, 

 that Valentinian III. ordered that, whenever the 

 opinions of the judges were divided, Papinian's opi- 

 nion should be followed. Everardus Otto has de- 

 signated every thing of his in the pandects, and has 

 written his life (Bremen 1743). 



PAPPENHEIM, GODFREY HENRY, count of, im- 

 perial general in the thirty years' war, was born 1594, 

 descended from an ancient and noble German family. 

 He distinguished himself in the battle of Prague as co- 

 lonel, in which he was severely wounded, and left on 

 the field, where he was found by his own soldiers, who 

 were stripping the slain. In 1C26, he conquered, 

 with the assistance of the Bavarians, 40,000 peasants 

 in Upper Austria, who had taken arms to defend 

 their faith; then traversed Northern Germany, and 

 joined, in 1630, general Tilly, whom he even outdid 

 in cruelty, on the taking of Magdebix-g. His 

 fiery courage distinguished him every where ; but he 

 was not qualified for a commander-in-chief. Tilly 

 ascribed the loss of the battle of Leipsic to his im- 

 petuosity. He appeared on the field of Lutzen (q. v.), 

 on the side of Wallenstein, was mortally wounded 



