PARIS (TREATIES.) 



419 



Pont mi Change ; the other towards the south, Le 

 Petit Pont. In 1378, the third, Le Pont St Michael, 

 opposite the present street Laharpe, was built. The 

 fourth bridge, Pont Notre Dame, was built soon after. 

 In 1418, Paris was visited by famine and pestilence. 

 100,000 people perished in three months. In 1420, 

 the capital of France was taken by the English. 

 Charles VII. drove them out in 1436. In 1465, some 

 attempts, though very imperfect, were made to light 

 the streets at night. Under Louis XI. Paris contain- 

 ed 300,000 inhabitants. In 1563, the Jesuits estab- 

 lished themselves there. Under Francis I., the fifth 

 increase of Paris took place. Henry IV. besieged 

 Paris ; the city surrendered in 1594, and Henry made 

 a triumphal entry. Henry IV. completed, in 1604, 

 the Pont Neuf, begun by Henry III., in 1578. In 



1614, the equestrian statue of Henry IV. (the first 

 monument of this kind in France) was erected. In 



1615, the palace Luxembourg (q. v.) was begun ; in 

 1629, the Palais Royal (q. v.), in its old form ; and 

 in 1635, the Jardin desPlantes. Louis XIV. enlarged 

 the city, and did much for the embellishment of it. 

 In 1664, the Tuileries, begun by Catharine of Medici, 

 were completed ; in 1665, Perrault built the colon- 

 nade of the Louvre ; and almost at the same time, 

 the Hotel des Invalides (q. v.), the observatory, the 

 gate St Denis. Under Louis XV. the Ecole Militaire 

 was erected, and the church Ste. Genevieve complet- 

 ed. In 1 763, the city erected the statue of Louis XV. 

 on the place of his name, and a number of magnifi- 

 cent buildings. The revolution interrupted the em- 

 bellishment of Paris, which Napoleon, zealous as he 

 was to make the French nation the ruling power of 

 Europe, and Paris the capital of the world, pursued 

 with ardour, and accomplished a great deal. A his- 

 tory of Paris is to a considerable degree a history of 

 France, so much has this city, during the last cen- 

 turies, concentrated in itself all the vital action of 

 France. This has had several good and many evil 

 consequences (see City) and true liberty, the life- 

 blood which should animate all parts of the body 

 politic, cannot be domesticated in France until the 

 departments and provincial towns have resumed their 

 proper importance. The preponderance of Paris over 

 all France, not only in a political sense, but in litera- 

 ture, arts, customs, &c., is immense, and was most 

 strikingly manifested during the revolution of the last 

 century. (See France.) March 31, 1814, the taking 

 of Paris concluded the campaign of the allies against 

 Napoleon. The congress of Chatillon had been bro- 

 ken up. (See the article Chatillon, which contains, 

 also, the chief events of the campaign from that time 

 to the battle before Paris, March 30, 1814.) 30,000 

 men under Marmont, Mortier, and Compans, with 

 150 cannons, occupied the fortified heights before 

 Paris, in a semicircle, from Charenton and Nogent 

 on the Marne to Neuilly on the Seine. By degrees 

 120,000 men were brought against them. With 

 the break of day on the 30th, the battle began. 

 After an obstinate struggle, the allies succeeded in 

 taking the heights of Belleville ; the village Lavil- 

 lette was taken by assault, whilst other troops ad- 

 vanced through Neuilly on the Marne and Nogent 

 sur Marne towards Vincennes, where the bridge of 

 Charenton was taken by assault, and where 150 

 eleves of the veterinary school of Alfort died a heroic 

 death. Blucher, at the same time, drew near, pass- 

 ing through St Denis, and Montmartre was taken 

 by assault at three o'clock in the afternoon. Mar- 

 mont, in the mean time, had proposed an armistice 

 to general Schwartzenberg, which was concluded at 

 three o'clock. At six o'clock, counts Nesgelrode, 

 Orloff, and Paar, went to Paris, where the conditions 

 of surrender were concluded on the 31st, at two 

 o'clock in the morning. The corps of Marmont and 



Mortier were to leave Paris at seven o'clock, and 

 hostilities were not to begin before nine o'clock. The 

 city was recommended to the mercy of the allies. 

 The victory of Paris cost the latter 9000 men ; the 

 French lost 4000, besides the prisoners, and 109 can- 

 nons. The troops of the allies were kept under strict 

 discipline. The French made loud complaints of 

 outrages, both in prose and verse ; but, though it is 

 impossible that so large an army should take posses- 

 sion of a hostile city without some cases of violence, 

 the behaviour of the armies must be allowed to have 

 been very strictly regulated, particularly if compared 

 with that of the French armies in Vienna, Berlin, 

 and other great cities, where cruelty was added to 

 injury. The French even went so far as to complain 

 bitterly of the allies for taking the works of art 

 which Napoleon had carried from their countries . 

 See, for the military movements, Koch's Mfm. pour 

 servir a I' hist, de la Camp, de 1814 (Paris, 1819, 2 

 vols.) When, after a series of the grossest blunders 

 on the part of the Bourbons, Napoleon returned to 

 Paris in 1815, and lost the battle of Waterloo, I)a- 

 voust received the command of about 60,000 men for 

 the defence of Paris. It was difficult to attack the 

 city, as formerly, from the north and east, because 

 the heights and villages were fortified, and well sup- 

 plied with artillery. The British therefore remained 

 before these lines, and the Prussians passed over the 

 Seine to attack Paris from Versailles. The city is 

 weakest on this side, and might also be forced to 

 surrender by cutting off all the supplies of provisions 

 which come from Normandy. On June 30, there- 

 fore, the first and third Prussian corps marched to 

 St Germain ; the fourth remained in its former posi- 

 tion until the arrival of the British ; and, on July 2, 

 the third corps marched through Versailles to Plessis 

 Piquet, the first through Vaucresson to Sevres and 

 Meudon ; the fourth, which was to act as a reserve, 

 was placed at Versailles. The enemy had been 

 driven back at Sevres and Plessis Piquet, as far as 

 Vaugirard and Montrouge, and had occupied Issy. 

 A council of war, held at Paris, almost unanimously 

 determined that Paris was untenable ; but in order to 

 make a last attempt, Vandamme advanced, on the 

 morning of the third, with 10,000 men, and attacked 

 Issy. He was repulsed after several hours' fighting, 

 and the surrender of Paris was resolved on. The 

 capitulation was concluded at St Cloud the same 

 day. The French army was to leave Paris within 

 three days, and cross the Loire within eight days : 

 Montmartre was to be surrendered, July 5, and all 

 the barriers on the 6th. July 7, the Prussian army 

 entered the barrier of the military school, and part of 

 the British army that of St Denis. Louis XVIII. 

 arrived the next day. 



To what has been said in the article France re- 

 specting the revolution of 1830, we only add, as 

 concerning Paris more especially, that, during that 

 short and memorable revolution, the greatest part of 

 the street lamps were broken ; 4055 barricades 

 thrown up with great rapidity, consisting of the pave- 

 ment torn up for the purpose, of coaches and other 

 vehicles, trees, &c.; 3,125,000 paving-stones were 

 dislodged, and the paving the streets again cost 

 250,000 francs. The pavement of Paris consists of 

 large stones. 



Treaties concluded at Paris. 1. Peace between 

 France and Spain on one side, and Great Britain and 

 Portugal on the other, concluded February 10, 1763, 

 which ended the seven years' war. France ceded 

 Acadia (Nova Scotia), and Canada and Cape Breton 

 to Britain ; but she retained the right of fishing on 

 the banks of Newfoundland. Great Britain restored 

 Guadaloupe, Martinico, and St Lucia, to France, but 

 retained Grenada, Dominica, and Tobago, also the 

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