430 



PASS PASSOVER. 



the night to Marforio, which were answered by Pas- 

 quino. For instance, pope Sixtus V. had taxed 

 several articles of food, and on Sunday Pasquino ap- 

 peared with a wet shirt, as if to dry it in the sun. 

 Marforio inquired why he did not wait till the next 

 day to dry his shirt ; to which Pasquino replied, " I 

 am afraid to lose any time, for to-morrow L may have 

 to pay a tax for sunshine." These two statues now 

 lie in the court of the capitol. The Italian words 

 pasqiiinuta andpasqttil/o have been adopted in several 

 other hinguages r and in some, as French rind German, 

 are even used in legal language for libel. 



PASS, or P ASS A ])K, in fencing; an advance or 

 leap forward upon an enemy. Of these there are 

 several kinds, as passes within, above, beneath, to the 

 right, the left, and passes under the line, &c. 



PASSAGE, BIRDS OF. See Migration, and Orni- 

 thology. 



PASSAIC FALLS. See Cataract. 



PASSAMAQUODDY ; a bay which forms a part 

 of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. 

 It is about twelve miles from east to west, and six 

 from north to south. 1 1 contains a number of islands, 

 of which the principal are Campo Bello, Deer, Moose, 

 Dudley, and Frederick. The Passamaquoddy or St 

 Croix river flows into this bay. See Croix, St. 



PASSANT, in heraldry ; a term applied to a lion, 

 or other animal, in a shield, appearing to walk lei- 

 surely. 



PASSAROWITZ, PEACE OF; concluded July 21, 

 1718, by Venice and the emperor Charles VI. with 

 the Porte, at Passarowitz, a small town in Servia, at 

 the confluence of the Morawa and the Danube, under 

 the mediation of Britain and Holland. It terminated 

 the war begun in 1714 by the Porte for the conquest 

 of the Morea,in which the Turks succeeded in 1715. 

 The emperor, as guarantee of the peace of Carlowitz 

 (q. v.), took up arms for Venice in 1716. Eugene 

 (q. v.) was victorious at Peterwardein, August 15th, 

 171G,andat Belgrade, August 16, 1717 ; after which 

 the I'orte determined to conclude a peace on the prin- 

 ciple of ttti possidetis, by which it retained the Morea, 

 without a formal cession from Venice. Austria re- 

 ceived ' Belgrade, with Servia, the bannat of Temes- 

 war, \Valachia to the Alute, and part of Croatia. See 

 Belgrade. 



PASSAU ; capital of the Bavarian circle of the 

 Lower Danube, in a romantic situation on the 

 Danube and the Inn; population, 9000; lat. 

 48 55' N. ; Ion. 21 29' E. It has two suburbs 

 Innstadt and Ilzstadt and several bridges. On a 

 hill 400 feet high is the fortress Oberhaus, which is 

 connected with the castle Niederhaus lying below it. 

 It has some manufactures and considerable com. 

 inerce. The principal public buildings are the 

 cathedral (the old residence of the prince bishops) and 

 the Jesuits' college. Passau is celebrated in history 

 for the treaty concluded here August 22, 1552, by 

 which the Protestants obtained the free exercise of 

 their religion and the acknowledgment of their politi- 

 cal rights. See Reformation, and Charles V. 



PASSION FLOWER (passiflora) ; a beautiful 

 genus of climbing plants, containing numerous 

 species, remarkable for the elegance and singular 

 form of their flowers. Their steins are woody, or, 

 more frequently, herbaceous, provided with tendrils, 

 and bearing alternate simple or lobed leaves ; the 

 flowers are axillary, and supported on peduncles ; the 

 calyx is widely-spreading, and divided into ten parts, 

 the five interior of which have the form of petals, or 

 are sometimes wanting. To the base of the calyx is 

 attached an interior crown, composed of a great num- 

 ber of filaments. There are five stamens, which have 

 their hiaments united at base around the style. The 

 fruit is a large one-celled berry, often indeed, ap- 



proaching a gourd in size, containing numerous 

 seeds, and in many species is edible, though not rich 

 in flavour. The water-lemon of the West Indies (P. 

 laurifolia) bears fruit as large as a lien's egg, con- 

 taining a whitish watery pulp, which has a peculiar 

 aromatic, delicately-acid flavour, and allays thirst 

 agreeably. The sweet calabash of the same countries 

 (P. muliformis) has the fruit of the size of an apple, en- 

 closing a sweetish pulp. It is often called grunudilld, 

 together with several other species, and is served up 

 in deserts. The sirup and decoction of the flowers of 

 the P. murucvja, also a native of the West Indies, 

 are much used as a narcotic, and afford a good sub- 

 stitute for opium. 



PASSION OF CHRIST ; the crucifixion of Jesus, 

 with all its attendant sufferings. It is celebrated 

 in the Catholic and most Protestant churches on the 

 European continent during Lent (the seven weeks 

 preceding Easter), and particularly during the Pas- 

 sion-week (the week preceding Easter), by sermons 

 relating to the sufferings of the Saviour. The Catho- 

 lics fast during Lent. The churches, and especially 

 the altars, are deprived of their ornaments ; the bells 

 are not rung ; public amusements are discontinued. 

 The season of Lent is preceded, in most countries, 

 by the carnival. In Rome, the celebration of the 

 Passion-week in the Capclla Sistma is famous on 

 account of the incomparable music in the papal 

 chapel. There the compositions of Palestrini, Per- 

 golese, Allegri, and others, are heard in the purest 

 style. The Officium Hebdomadce Sancta juxta t"or- 

 mum Missalis et Dreviarii Romani sub I'rbatio VIII 

 contains the rites of worship in the Passion-week 

 prescribed by the Catholic church. The passion of 

 Christ formed the subject of the first theatrical 

 representations, which were prepared by the clergy, 

 and thus, strange as it may seem, became the origin 

 of the modern theatre. See Comedy, Mysteries. 

 Drama, and Theatre. 



PASSION-WEEK. See Passion of Christ. 



PASSIVE and ACTIVE TRADE. By active 

 trade, writers understand that which a nation carries 

 on in foreign marts, whither it transports articles of 

 commerce, and receives the returns : by passive com- 

 merce, that which it carries on with foreigners who 

 come to its marts to sell and to buy. Some attach 

 to active commerce the further idea of an advan- 

 tageous balance of trade. (See Mercantile System.) 

 It is an erroneous notion, which has led several 

 governments to injurious laws, that the active com- 

 merce is always better than the passive. 



PASSOVER (Hebrew, passa, a sparing, a passing 

 over); the Jewish feast, in commemoration of the 

 sparing of the Israelites, when the first-born of the 

 Egyptians perished, and of their escape out of Egypt. 

 1 1 was celebrated on the first full moon of the spring, 

 from the 14th to the 21st of the month Nizan. (See 

 Easter!) To this festival, as long as the Israelites 

 remained in possession of Palestine, they assembled 

 originally at the tabernacle, and from Solomon's time, 

 at the temple. During the eight days of the feast, they 

 were permitted to eat only unleavened bread, because 

 their hasty departure from Egypt had obliged them to 

 take their dough with them before it was leavened ; 

 hence the passover was also called the "feast of 

 unleavened bread." Every householder, with his 

 family, ate, on the first evening, 'a lamb killed by 

 the priest, which was served up without breaking 

 the bones. Thanksgiving, and the relation of inci- 

 dents from the history of the Exodus, gave this 

 festival its religious character. Offerings of firstlings of 

 the flocks and herds, and first fruits, were also present- 

 ed in the temple. The passover was the principal 

 Jewish festival, and is still observed by the Jews, 

 by eating unleavened bread and by public prayers. 



