PASS PAROLE PASTORALE. 



431 



PASS PAROLE ; a command given, which passes 

 from mouth to mouth along the line of a regiment or 

 army. 



PASSPORT; an instrument given to travellers 

 by the proper authorities, describing their persons, 

 purposes, and destinations, intended to show that 

 their characters are good, and their objects in travel- 

 ling lawful. Passport also signifies a license for 

 importing contraband goods, or for exporting and 

 importing merchandise free of duties. These last 

 are always given to ambassadors, and other public 

 ministers, for their baggage, equipage, &c. 



PASSVVAN OGLU. See JViddin. 



PASSY ; a village not quite a league from the 

 centre of Paris. Its vicinity to the capital, the Bois 

 de Boulogne, and the river, renders it peculiarly 

 interesting. It is likewise esteemed for its mineral 

 waters, the salubrity of its air, and its charming 

 views in every direction. It is much visited by the 

 Parisians, in summer, for the promenade, the fete 

 champctre at Ranelagh, &c. Franklin resided here 

 while in France. 



PASTE; a glass made in imitation of gems. The 

 base of all artificial stones is a compound of silex, 

 potash, borax, red oxide of lead, Rnd sometimes 

 arsenic. Pure boracic acid and colourless quartz 

 should be used. Hessian crucibles are. better than 

 those of porcelain. The fusion should be continued 

 in a potter's furnace for. twenty-four hours. The 

 more tranquil and continued it is, the denser the 

 paste, and the greater its bea uty. 



Ruby; paste, 2880, oxide of manganese, 72. . 

 Emerald ; paste, 4608, green oxide of copper, 42, 

 oxide of chrome, 2. Sapphire ; paste, 4608, oxide 

 of cobalt, 68, fused for thirty hours. Amethyst; 

 paste, 4608, oxide of manganese, 36, oxide of cobalt, 

 24, purple of cassius, 1. Beryl ; paste, 3456, glass 

 of antimony, 24, oxide of cobalt, 1. Styrian garnet; 

 paste, 502, glass of antimony, 256, cassius's purple, 

 2, and oxide of manganese, 2. In all these mix- 

 tures, the substances are blended by sifting, fused 

 very carefully, and cooled very slowly, being left on 

 the fire from twenty-four to thirty hours. 



PASTEL, or PASTIL ; a kind of paste composed 

 of several colours, and ground up with gum-water, 

 either together or separately, in order to make 

 crayons to paint with on paper or parchment. (See 

 Crayon, and Drawing.) This kind of painting pos- 

 sesses some advantages over the modes more com- 

 monly practised. Its great defect is its want of 

 durability. 



PASTORAL, or IDYL (sSt/xx/w, a little image or 

 picture, thence a little poem), is the general name of 

 those poems which represent men in the simplicity 

 and innocence in which they are thought to have 

 lived before the origin of civic relations, and the 

 vices thence resulting. When we look back in 

 imagination to an original state of man, we naturally 

 refer it to a shepherd's life, since feeding flocks and 

 tilling the ground were the first occupations of man, 

 and are older than civil society. As the first strains 

 of poetry must have been heard in the primitive 

 times of the human race, and as a shepherd's life 

 is congenial with this mode of occupation, we 



naturally consider poetry as having originated in 

 the pastoral period. The wonders of nature which 

 lay every moment before the shepherd's eyes, 

 must have kindled in his breast poetic fire. 

 The proper idyl, however, as a peculiar style of po- 

 etry, had its origin in a corrupt state of society, on 

 account of the desire of men for a better and more 

 natural state of life. The poetic idea of pastoral 

 life, however, is not supported by experience ; for 

 the shepherds of the present day are rude and bar- 

 barous, whether living in tribes, or forming a class 

 in the midst of men of other occupations. There 

 have been both epic and dramatic idyls. To the 

 epic belong the pastoral romances of ancient and 

 modern poets ; also the Luise of Voss, and the Her- 

 mann and Dorothea of Goethe, &c., and, in a more 

 limited sense, the greater part of the idyls of Theo- 

 critus, and his imitators, Virgil and Calpurnius. 

 Among the dramatic are Guarini's Pastor Fido, 

 Gesner's Evander, and several other pieces of the 

 moderns, to which may be added the satyrica of the 

 Greeks. The greater part of the bucolics and ec- 

 logues, of the ancients and moderns, are lyric. The 

 idyl must show a world in which nature alone gives 

 laws. Restrained by no civil customs, by no arbi- 

 trary rules of politeness, men must there give them- 

 selves up to the impressions of nature. They know 

 no wants but those which nature imposes, and no 

 blessings but the gifts which she bestows. Their 

 principal passion is love, but love without restraint, 

 without dissimulation, without Platonic sublimity. 

 Their arts are bodily exercises, singing and dancing ; 

 their riches fruitful flocks; their utensils a shepherd's 

 crook, a flute, and a cup. There are also allegoric 

 idyls, among which are the first and tenth eclogues 

 of Virgil, the idyls of Madame Deshoulieres, and, in 

 a measure, Pope's Messiah. The principal writer of 

 idyls among the ancients was Theocritus, who has 

 likewise represented the most simple relations of city 

 life. He was followed by Bion and Moschus. Pope 

 has imitated Virgil in four pastorals ; and Gesner 

 was regarded by some former critics as a model for 

 pastoral poets. His fame, however, has diminished. 



PASTORALE, in music ; a rural composition, of 

 an idyllic character ; also a composition for a dance 

 in this character, generally in six-eighth time. 



PASTORALE (collegium pastorale) is used to 

 designate that part of theology which includes the 

 execution of the duties of the clergyman, the appli- 

 cation of his theological knowledge the practical 

 part of theology. It is also called pastoral theology, 

 pastoral science, pastoral wisdom, or pastoral pru- 

 dence. But the latter, the prudentia pastoralis, more 

 frequently includes only certain rules of prudence 

 which experience has shown to be important for the 

 execution of clerical duties. According to the wid- 

 est meaning of the pastorale, it is to be divided into 

 as many heads as there are branches of the official 

 duties of a divine. In respect to his office as teacher, 

 it comprises, therefore, 1. pulpit eloquence ; 2. cate- 

 chesis (q. v.); 3. liturgies, in its widest sense, the 

 administration of the sacraments, the service at the 

 altar and before the congregation ; 4. every thing 

 which is necessary for a clergyman to know as the 

 adviser, comforter, and leader of his flock, the duties 

 of the confessional, the consolation of the sick and 

 sorrowful, the preparation of the sick and the con- 

 demned criminal for death, and every thing which is 

 requisite for the maintenance of church discipline, so 

 that, with Catholics, the chief part of the camm law 

 is comprised in it. Catholics call, also, the official 

 collection of all the ceremonies attached to the ad- 

 ministration of the sacraments, and the other public 

 duties of the clergyman, the pastorale. It is pretty 

 much the same as that which is better known unde? 



