438 



PATRIOT PAUL. 



PATRIOT. In the Latin of the middle ages, 

 patriota signified a native, in contradistinction to 

 peregrinus, a foreigner, i. e. one who did not enjoy 

 the rights of citizenship. As the native, i. . the 

 citizen, \vasconsidered to be attached by his interests 

 to the commonwealth, the word gradually received 

 the meaning of a citizen who loves his country. In 

 the French revolution, it meant a democrat, an 

 adherent of the revolution. 



PATRISTICS, THEOLOGIA PATRISTICA ; 

 that branch of historical theology, which is particu- 

 larly devoted to the lives and doctrines of the fathers 

 of the church. The German Protestants have re- 

 cently paid particular attention to it, as affording a 

 satisfactory, though laborious way of arriving at the 

 history of the Christian doctrine and constitution in 

 the first six centuries. (See Fathers of the Church.) 

 Fues, in Tubingen, published, in 1827, a cheap 

 Bibliotheca Patrum Latinorum, edited by Protestant 

 and Catholic theologians. 



PATROCLUS, the friend of Achilles, was the son 

 of Menoetius, one of the Argonauts, and of Sthenele 

 or Philomela. He accidentally killed Clysonymus, 

 the son of Amphidamus, in a game of dice at Opus. 

 His father saved him by flight, and carried him to 

 Peleus, by whom he was kindly received and edu- 

 cated as the companion of his son. He accompanied 

 Achilles to Troy, and remained, like him, inactive, 

 when the anger of Achilles prevented him from 

 taking a part in the war. At length the necessity 

 of action seemed so urgent that Achilles permitted 

 Patroclus to go to the war, arrayed in his own 

 armour. His success was at first brilliant; but, 

 Apollo having deceived him, and rendered him de- 

 fenceless, he was slain by Hector. The Greeks 

 recovered his body, which they interred with the 

 highest marks of honour, and established solemn 

 funeral games to his memory. Achilles then re- 

 solved to avenge his friend, and to accompany him 

 in death. 



PATROL, in war ; a round or march made by 

 the guards, or watch, in the night time, to observe 

 what passes in the streets, and to secure the peace 

 and tranquillity of a city or camp. The patrol 

 generally consists of a body of five or six men, 

 detached from a body on guard, and commanded by 

 a sergeant. 



PATRON ; in general, a protector. The Latin 

 patronus signified, in the Roman republic, a 

 patrician, who had plebeians, called clients, under 

 his immediate protection, and whose interests he 

 supported by his authority and influence. (See Pa- 

 tricians.) Jus patronatus signifies, in the Roman 

 law, the right which a master retains over a freed 

 slave. When Rome had reduced many nations 

 under her yoke, noble Romans were sometimes the 

 patrons of whole cities and provinces, and such 

 patronage even descended by inheritance in some 

 families. Thus the patronage over the Lacedas- 

 monians was vested in the family of the Claudii; 

 that of the Sicilians in the family of the Marcelli 

 an arrangement which, in so crude a state of poli- 

 tics, was not without beneficial consequences. 

 Patron was also the title of every advocate who 

 represented the interest of another, his client 

 (patronus causarum). Patron, in the canon or 

 common law, denotes a person who founds or endows 

 n church or benefice, and reserves to himself the 

 right of patronage, i. e. the right of disposing of it. 

 (See Advowson.) The right of patronage was intro- 

 duced among Christians towards the close of the 

 fourth century, with the view of encouraging the 

 opulent to erect churches, by giving them the privi- 

 lege of appointing the ministers to officiate in them. 



Lay patronage is a right attached to a person 



either as founder or as heir of the founder, or as pos- 

 sessor of the see to which the patronage is annexed 



Ecclesiastical patronage is that which a person is 

 entitled to by virtue of some benefice which he holds. 

 For the patronage connected with the Church of 

 Scotland, which has been the cause of much dis- 

 pute and disunion, see the article Scotland, subdi- 

 vision Church. 



PATUCKET. See Pawtucket. 



PAUL, an apostle, was born of Jewish parents, 

 at Tarsus, in Cilicia, and inherited the rights of a 

 Roman citizen. He received a learned education, 

 and early went to Jerusalem, to study under Gama- 

 liel, one of the most celebrated Jewish Rabbins in 

 the time of our Saviour, who instructed him in the 

 Jewish laws and traditions. He was also well 

 acquainted with the Greek poets and philosophers, 

 as his Epistles show, and learned a trade (probably 

 that of a maker of tents and hangings), according 

 to the custom of the Jewish teachers, by which he 

 afterwards supported himself in his travels. Thus 

 prepared for the office of teacher, he joined, a few 

 years after the death of Jesus, the sect of the Phari- 

 sees, and became a persecutor of the Christians ; to 

 crush whom the sanhedrim employed him, both in 

 and out of Jerusalem. The Acts of the Apostles 

 contains several instances of the heat of his zeal in 

 this cruel work, upon which he entered from his 

 attachment to the law of his fathers. He was even 

 on his way to Damascus, with full power from the 

 chief priests to arrest the Christians, when he was 

 led, by a miracle (Acts ix. and xxii.),to view Chris- 

 tianity in a different light, and to seek a personal 

 knowledge of the excellence of the religion from the 

 instructions of Christian teachers. This sudden con- 

 version, effected by the divine interposition, was 

 indicated by the change of his name from Saul to 

 Paul, and he engaged in the work of an apostle 

 with an ardour that overcame every difficulty. 

 Arabia, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, and the islands 

 of the Mediterranean, were the scenes of his un- 

 wearied activity in promulgating the doctrines of 

 Christianity. In all his journeys he laboured to 

 establish new churches, and to confirm the faith of 

 those already existing. He made himself useful to 

 the churches of Antioch, Ephesus, and Jerusalem, 

 by instructing them, by arranging their ceremonies, 

 and collecting alms for the poorer members. The 

 churches of Philippi, in Macedonia, of Corinth, 

 Galatia, and Thessalonica, honoured him as their 

 founder ; and the Epistles in the !S 7 ew Testament, 

 which he wrote to these churches, and to the 

 churches in the chief cities of Greece and Asia 

 Minor, and to Rome, show the paternal relation in 

 which he stood to them, and the paternal care which 

 he exercised over them. By admitting the Gentiles 

 to a participation in the blessings of Christianity, 

 without requiring them to submit to the Jewish 

 rites, he promoted the progress of Christianity far 

 more than the other apostles, who at first baptized 

 none but their own countrymen. But this conduct 

 exposed him to the hatred of the Jews, who perse- 

 cuted him as an apostate ; and every thing at Jeru- 

 salem was prepared for his destruction. In the 

 sixtieth year of the Christian era, after labouring 

 with unwearied zeal, for more than twenty years, to 

 spread the doctrines of Jesus, he boldly went to 

 Jerusalem with the money which he had collected 

 for the support of the oppressed Christians in Pales- 

 line. He was there arrested, and brought to 

 Ca?sarea, where he was kept a prisoner for two 

 years by the Roman governors, Festus and Felix. 

 The fearless spirit with which he explained his 

 whole conduct excited the same admiration which 

 had been produced in the Areopagus and among the 



