PAULA PAUL. 



439 



wise men of Athens, (where Dionysius the Areopagite, 

 became one of his adherents), by his enthusiastic elo- 

 quence. Having been illegally imprisoned, he appeal- 

 ed, as a Roman citizen, to the emperor, and was sent 

 to Rome. He was shipwrecked at Malta (see Meli- 

 ta), and in the spring of the year 62, arrived at the 

 capital of the world. He was treated with respect, 

 but as a prisoner of state, and gained over many dis- 

 tinguished Romans to the Christian faith. It is cer- 

 tain that he was set free in the year 64 ; but the ac- 

 count of his farther travels in Spain, Britain, Mace- 

 donia, Greece, and the borders of Asia, is founded 

 solely on conjecture. In the year 66, Paul returned 

 to Rome, was again arrested, and died the death of' 

 a martyr. The history of no apostle is so rich in re- 

 markable events, hardships, and sufferings, as that of 

 this great man. Even the enemies of the religion for 

 which he lived and died, could not deny the gifts of 

 his mind, his deep and extensive knowledge, profound 

 understanding of the nature of religion, richness and 

 acuteness of thought, and a talent for teaching, which 

 combined elegance, perspicuity, and fervour. 



PAULA, FRANCIS DE. See Francis de Paula. 



PAUL DE LOANDA, ST. See Loanda. 



PAUL I., emperor of Russia, son of Peter III. and 

 Catharine II., was born in 1754. His father, on ac- 

 count of his dislike of Catharine, would not acknow- 

 ledge his legitimacy ; but on the death of Ivan (q. 

 v.), in 1763, he became the sole remaining heir to the 

 crown, and was placed under the care of count Panin 

 and ypinus. His mother treated him with great 

 rigour, and kept him constantly estranged from public 

 affairs during tier life. In 1773, he married a prin- 

 cess of Hesse-Darmstadt, who died soon after, and, 

 in 1776, he married a princess of Wurtemberg, who 

 became the mother of the late emperor Alexander 

 (q. v.), the late prince Constantine, the emperor 

 Nicholas, and the grand-prince Michael, and several 

 daughters, among whom is Anna, wife of the present 

 prince of Orange. In 1780, he travelled, with his 

 wife, under the title of count of the North, in Poland, 

 Germany, Italy, France, and Holland, and after his re- 

 turn retired to his usual place of residence, the palace 

 of Gatschina, and was permitted to take part neither 

 in civil nor military affairs. On the death of Catha- 

 rine in 1796, the prince was finally released from his 

 long restraint ; and the first acts of his government, 

 after performing the obsequies of his mother, and 

 paying the last honours to his father, were dictated 

 by benevolent intentions. He put an end to the war 

 with Persia, and liberated the Poles who were in con- 

 finement in Russia. But the severe treatment to 

 which he had been subjected for forty years, had 

 exercised a most injurious influence upon his charac- 

 ter, and, combined with the natural violence and im- 

 petuosity of his temper, led to those acts of despotism 

 and folly which stain his reign. He joined the coali- 

 tion of crowns against France, and sent 100 ; 000 men, 

 partly under Suwaroff and Korsakoff, to Italy and 

 Switzerland, and partly to Holland. The Russian 

 arms were at first successful ; but, after the defeat at 

 Zurich (see Mussina), his increasing distrust of the 

 British and Austrian courts, and the artful manage- 

 ment of general Bonaparte, who dismissed the Russian 

 prisoners, newly clothed and armed, and insinuated 

 new suspicions into the mind of the czar, broke off 

 his connexion with the coalition. Louis XVIII., who 

 had been received into the Russian territory with 

 every mark of attention, and the French emigrants, 

 were ordered to quit the country. Paul had caused 

 himself to be declared grand-master of the knights of 

 Malta (1798), after the resignation of that dignity by 

 the baron Hornpesch ; but, Britain having conquer- 

 ed the island in 1800, refused to surrender it to the 

 Russian emperor. Paul therefore laid an embargo 



on all British ships in the Russian ports, and prevail- 

 ed upon the Swedish, Danish, and Prussian courts to 

 enter into a convention for the protection of their 

 commerce against the encroachments of the British 

 by sea. His internal administration was characteriz- 

 ed by similar traits of impetuosity, and, in many cases, 

 of tyranny. His innovations in the army, (particularly 

 the introduction of hair-powder and queues) ; his pro- 

 hibition against the wearing of round hats, pantaloons, 

 &c. ; his order obliging all persons who met him in 

 the streets to leave their carriage and prostrate them- 

 selves before him ; and other acts of a similar nature, 

 excited general discontent. Other measures, of a 

 more serious character, finally produced a conspiracy 

 among the nobles. They excited mutual suspicions 

 between Paul and his sons, and Alexander finally 

 consented to assume the government, until the mind 

 and health of his father were restored. (See Alexan- 

 der.) The conspirators entered the antechamber of 

 the emperor in St Michael's palace, at 11 o'clock at 

 night (March 11, 1801), by a secret passage, and the 

 door to the emperor's chamber was opened by the 

 guard, who was deceived by an alarm of fire. An 

 act was then read to him, by which he was to ac- 

 knowledge himself incapable of conducting the govern 

 ment, and surrender it to Alexander. Paul cried 

 out, " I am emperor, and will remain so ;" and he 

 was then despatched by the conspirators. Some ac- 

 counts say that he was strangled in his bed with his 

 own sash. In the Russian manifesto on the subject, 

 his death was ascribed to apoplexy. See Chateau- 

 giron's Notice sur la Mart de Paul, and Carr's North- 

 ern Summer. 



PAUL OF VENICE, father, a celebrated ecclesias- 

 tic and historian of the sixteenth century, whose proper 

 name was Pietro Sarpi, was born at Venice, August 

 14,1552, and was the son of a merchant of that city. 

 He entered young into the religious order of the Ser- 

 vites, in his twentieth year was appointed chaplain to 

 the grand-duke of Mantua, and lecturer on the canon 

 law. After two years, he returned to Venice, and 

 became provincial of his order. He was aftenvards 

 made procurator-general of the Servites. A treacher- 

 ous correspondent having betrayed a letter of father 

 Paul, in which he had observed, that so far from covet- 

 ing the dignities of the court of Rome, he held them 

 in abomination, brought on him the imputation of 

 being a heretic, while his liberal intercourse with 

 eminent Protestants contributed to increase the preju- 

 dices thus excited. In a dispute between the pope 

 and the Venetian government on the subject of ec- 

 clesiastical immunities, father Paul showed himself a 

 strenuous advocate for the cause of liberty, and was 

 summoned to Rome, on pain of excommunication, to 

 answer for his conduct ; but the affair was compro- 

 mised. To the vengeance of his political enemies 

 may be attributed an attempt to assassinate him in 

 1607 ; on which occasion he received many danger- 

 ous wounds from a band of ruffians. Father Paul em- 

 ployed the latter part of his life in writing the history 

 of the council of Trent, in which he has developed 

 the intrigues connected with the transactions of that 

 famous assembly, with a degree of boldness and ver- 

 acity, which renders the work one of the most inter- 

 esting and important productions of the class to which 

 it belongs. The labours of father Paul extended to 

 various branches of knowledge ; he was deeply skill- 

 ed in the canon law, and distinguished for his acquain- 

 tance with anatomy. He appears to have discover- 

 ed the valves of the veins which contribute to facili- 

 tate the circulation of the blood. He died January 

 14, 1622, and is said to have expired after uttering 

 the words Esto pernetua, which have been construad 

 as a prayer for the prosperity of Venice. The history 

 of the council of Trent was first published in London 



