PAUSILIPPO PAVEMENT OF THE STREETS. 



443 



conqueror. He became still more insupportable, 

 after having, at the head of the allied Greek fleet, 

 delivered the Grecian cities, and, after a long strug- 

 gle, Cyprus also, and, finally, Byzantium itself, the 

 key of Asia Minor, from the Persian yoke. While 

 Aristides and Cimon, who commanded under him, 

 won the hearts of all by their affability, Pausanias 

 abused the allies, and considered the Spartans as the 

 ruling nation among the Greeks. At length, he 

 entered into secret negotiations with Xerxes, and 

 conceived the design of making himself master of 

 Greece. He restored to Xerxes, without ransom, 

 many distinguished Persians, who had been taken 

 prisoners at Byzantium, openly renounced the man- 

 ners and customs of the Spartans, adopting Persian 

 habits and the Persian costume, and carried things 

 so far, that the disgust of the allies could no longer 

 be suppressed. The Spartans summoned him home ; 

 but hardly was he acquitted in consideration of his 

 rank and services, when he betook himself again to 

 Byzantium, under the pretence of taking part in the 

 campaign. Being .compelled by the Athenians to 

 leave the city, lie went to Colonae, in Troas, and 

 entered into fresh negotiations with the enemies of 

 Greece. He was once more recalled and imprisoned; 

 but, notwithstanding the charges against him, was 

 again liberated, under promise to appear whenever 

 he should be summoned. But he entered into new 

 negotiations with the Persian king. To secure him- 

 self against detection, he had obtained from Arta- 

 bazus a promise to put to death the bearers of his 

 letters. The suspicions of one Argilius, whom he 

 sent on this errand, being awakened, he opened the 

 letter intrusted to him, found his suspicions confirm- 

 ed, and gave information of the fact to the ephori. 

 In order to procure full proof, they directed Argilius 

 to take refuge in the temple of Neptune, at Taenarus, 

 as if fearing for his life. As soon as Pausanias heard 

 of the circumstance, he hastened to meet him. They 

 entered into a conversation, which disclosed to the 

 ephori, who were concealed in the place, the guilt of 

 Pausanias. The ephori now returned to Sparta, de- 

 termined to punish him according to the rigour of the 

 law. Pausanias, having been informed, on the way, 

 of the fate which awaited him, took refuge at the feet 

 of Minerva Chalcicecus. But his indignant mother 

 brought the first stone to close the entrance of the 

 temple. The people followed her example, and the 

 unhappy prisoner, being thus walled up, died of 

 hunger. He was buried before the temple, and the 

 anger of the goddess was appeased by the erection of 

 two bronze statues. 



PAUSILIPPO ; a hill near Naples, with a large and 

 beautiful grotto (la grotto, di Pausilippo). This is a 

 straight passage cut through the rock, from Naples to 

 Puzzuoli, eighty or ninety feet high, from twenty four 

 to thirty wide, and about 1000 paces long. Through 

 the deep night of this grotto, which is high and wide, 

 but inaccessible to the rays of the sun, passes the 

 daily travel of a very populous district. A powerful 

 echo from the roof increases the rumbling noise of 

 the passage. This cavern, of which so many fables 

 were related in the time of Strabo, was probably 

 hewn out before the time of the Romans, at first 

 only as a quarry, but afterwards continued through 

 the hill. Alfonso I. (14421458) enlarged it. It 

 was subsequently made broader and higher, paved, 

 and provided with air-holes. The whole rock is 

 firm, and has never been shaken by earthquakes. In 

 the centre, there is a chapel of the Virgin Mary ; 

 over the grotto, are the remains of an aqueduct and 

 of what is called Virgil's tomb. Since 1822, the 

 Austrian troops have constructed a road over the 

 Pausilippo to Puzzuoli, by which the passage through 

 the grotto is avoided. In the course of this work, a 



grotto was found at the summit of the Pausilippo, 

 which is probably the crypta Pausilypona of the 

 ancients, the name which is now given to what 

 Seneca called the crypta Ncapolitana. 



PAU W, CORNELIUS UE, canon at Xanten, in Cleves, 

 was born at Amsterdam in 1739, and died in 179i). 

 He was a writer of much learning and ingenuity, but 

 led away by a love of theory and unfounded specula- 

 tions. His Recherches philosophiques sur les Grecs, 

 sur les Americains, and sur les Egyptiens et les 

 Chinois, were published together in seven vols., 8vo, 

 at Paris, in 1785. 



PAVEMENT OF THE STREETS. If this im- 

 portant invention is not of recent date, its general 

 use is comparatively recent. No large European 

 city, Rome only excepted, had paved streets till to- 

 wards the twelfth or thirteenth century. More 

 mention is made in the ancient authors of paved 

 highways than streets, which Beckmann, in his 

 History of Inventions, ascribes, however, to the 

 simple circumstance that the latter were probably 

 paved by the citizens, each taking the part before 

 his own his house, so that the government was not 

 required to make provision for this purpose. Isiodore 

 says that the Carthaginians were the first people who 

 had paved streets, which were soon imitated by the 

 Romans ; but long before that time Semiramis paved 

 highways, as her own vain glorious inscription, pre- 

 served by Strabo, asserts. At Thebes the streets 

 were under the care of telearchs, who provided for 

 repairing and cleaning them. Epaminondas's being 

 appointed to the office rendered it honourable and 

 sought for, whilst before it had been contemned, and 

 for that very reason given to that great general. 

 Jerusalem seems not to have been paved in the times 

 of Agrippa, according to Josephus. When Rome 

 was first paved is not exactly ascertained, though 

 many antiquarians consider it to have been in the 

 year of the city 578, according to a passage of Livy, 

 which admits, however, of several explanations. The 

 ediles at first had the superintendence of the streets ; 

 at a later period particular officers called curatores 

 viarum. Pavements of lava, with elevated side 

 walks, are found at Herculaneum and Pompeii. Of 

 modern cities, Paris is generally mentioned as having 

 the oldest pavement ; but it is certain that Cordova, 

 in Spain, was paved about 850 A. D. by Abderrah- 

 man II., who also brought water to the city in leaden 

 pipes. Paris was not paved in the twelfth century, 

 for Rigord, physician and historian of Philip II., tells 

 us that the king, standing at his window, and dis- 

 gusted with the dust and dirt thrown up by the 

 vehicles, resolved to pave the street, for which orders 

 were issued in 1184 ; and this is confirmed by several 

 historians. It is certain that many streets of Paris 

 were not paved even in 1641. All historians allow 

 that London was not paved at the end of the eleventh 

 century. It is not certain when it was first paved ; 

 probably the paving took place by degrees. Holborn 

 was first paved in 1417, the great Smithfield market 

 not until 1614. 



The first pavement of modern cities was generally, 

 though not always, very bad, as it is even now, in the 

 generality of small places, as the traveller can testify 

 who has been jolted through the small towns of the 

 European continent. That the Romans knew what 

 good pavement was, is proved by the still existing 

 via triumphalis, beautifully paved with basalt. Of 

 late, pavements have been much improved ; stones 

 have been squared so as better to fit each other, or 

 the streets have been macadamized. In Germany, 

 where coaches often enter the large gateways of the 

 houses, and on stone pavement shake the whole 

 building, paving with square wooden blocks, cut from 

 the knotty parts of a tree, and presenting the ends of 



