444. 



PA VI A PE. 



the grain uppermost, has been adopted with great 

 success. Lately iron pavement has been proposed 

 in London : oyster shells have been tried as pave- 

 ment in New Orleans. For more information, see 

 Beckmann's History of Inventions. 



PAVIA, (anciently Ticinum) in the Lombardo- 

 Veneiiiui kingdom, lies in the Tesino, near its con- 

 fluence with the Po ; lat. 45 10' N. ; Ion. 9 9' E. ; 

 population 21,250. The most remarkable buildings 

 are the palaces Mezzabarba, Bellisomi, and Botta, 

 and tile new cathedral. The university is said to 

 liave been instituted by Charlemagne. In 1770, it 

 received a new organization, and in 1817 was revived, 

 with its thirteen colleges. It has about 800 students, 

 an observatory, anatomical theatre, &c. The citadel 

 is built in the old style. Pa via was at one time the 

 residence of the kings of Lombardy. In 1525*, 

 Francis I. was made prisoner by the emperor Charles 

 V. at the battle of Pavia. The Carthusian monastery 

 (La Certosa) here is the finest in Italy. 



PAVILION, at Brighton, England ; a building 

 erected in 1784 for the then prince of Wales. It 

 was a favourite residence of George IV., and its 

 name sometimes occurs in connexion with important 

 measures agitated there. See Brighton. 



PAWN-HOUSES. See Lombards. 

 PAYS DE VAUD, W AADTLAND, or WAADT; 

 one of the cantons of the Swiss confederacy which 

 has the lake of Geneva on the S., France on the W., 

 Neufchitel on the N., and Friburg and Berne on the 

 E. ; square miles, 1181 ; population (1827), 178,880, 

 of which 6000 were Germans and the rest French; 

 Calvinists, 175,850. The capital is Lausanne. This 

 canton is not only one of the largest and most popu- 

 lous of the confederacy, but according to Simond, is 

 the one in which the advantages of education are 

 most generally enjoyed. Crimes are of very rare oc- 

 currence. The legislative body consists of 180 mem- 

 bers, nine of whom c6nstitute the executive. Justice is 

 administered by justices of the peace, district courts, 

 and the supreme court at Lausanne. The soil is 

 fertile and well cultivated ; the most important pro- 

 ductions are orchard fruits and the wine grape ; the 

 Ryffwine and the vin de la Cote are celebrated. 

 The Vaud formerly belonged to the dukes of Savoy, 

 from whom it was conquered by Berne. In 1803, it 

 was acknowledged as an independent canton. In 

 December, 1830, the popular voice demanded a re- 

 vision of the constitution ; a committee was according- 

 ly formed for this purpose, but its dispositions did not 

 meet the public views, and a general rising took place. 

 Eight thousand petitioners, without arms, assembled at 

 Lausanne, but, on receiving assurances of reform, dis- 

 persed without committing violence. See Switzerland. 



PAZZI, one of the richest and most distinguished 

 families in the Florentine republic, is celebrated for 

 its connexion with the conspiracy of 1478, of which 

 it became the victim. Jealousy of the power of the 

 Medici combined with the jealousy of a disappointed 

 lover to inflame Francis Pazzi, the author of the con- 

 spiracy, against Julian of Medici, his rival, who had 

 privately married Camilla Cafarelli. Francis Pazzi, 

 rash, haughty and vindictive, resolved to avenge 

 this offence, and the humiliations of his family, by the 

 destruction of the Medici. Bernard Bandini, who 

 also hated the Medici, was his first confidant. Aware 

 that the increasing power of the Medici was viewed 

 with dislike by the pope, Sixtus IV., they acquainted 

 his son, Jerome Riario, the friend of Pazzi, of their 

 design of assassinating Lorenzo and his brother Julian 

 of Medici, and introducing a new form of govern- 

 ment, and wished through him to gain the assistance 

 of the pope. The latter promised his aid, and Francis 

 Salviati, archbishop of Pisa, the enemy of the Floren- 

 tines and of Lorenzo de' Medici, also joined them. 



James Pazzi, uncle of Francis, and a peaceful and pru- 

 dent citizen, was persuaded by Montesecco, the gener- 

 al of the pope, to take part in the conspiracy. While 

 Charles Manfredi, count of Faenza, was sick, the 

 conspirators, without exciting the suspicion of the 

 Medici, collected a number of troops for their de- 

 fence. They resolved to murder both the Medici at 

 a festival. Their project was twice frustrated by the 

 absence of Julian; and the 26th of April, 1478, the 

 day in which religious service was to be celebrated in 

 the church of Santa Reparata, was next fixed upon 

 for the execution of their designs. The sound of the 

 bell, at the moment the priest raised the host, was to 

 be the signal ; but as the time approached, Monte- 

 secco refused to pollute the sacred place. The work 

 was now committed to Anthony of Volterra and Ste- 

 phen, a priest, two weak men. Lorenzo and a large 

 number of people were already assembled in the 

 church, but Julian was not present. Francis Pazzi 

 and Bandini went and persuaded him to attend the 

 mass. On the way to the church they conversed 

 with him in the most friendly manner, and Francis 

 Pazzi several times embraced him, in order to ascer- 

 tain that he was not clothed in armour. When they 

 arrived at the church, they placed him between them- 

 selves, and Anthony of Volterra and Stephen station- 

 ed themselves by the side of Lorenzo. At the second 

 sound of the bell, Francis Pazzi stabbed Julian with 

 such violence as to wound himself. Bandini murder- 

 ed Nori, the friend of Julian. Anthony and Stephen 

 attacked Lorenzo, but only gave him a slight wound 

 in the neck. He escaped into the sacristy. Francis 

 and Bandini, who undertook to pursue him, were pre- 

 vented. Many persons lost their lives in the crowd, 

 and it was with difficulty that the cardinal was de- 

 fended by the priests from the popular fury. Bandini 

 fled. Francis, after an unsuccessful attempt to rouse 

 the people to insurrection, faint from loss of blood, 

 was forced to return home. Salviati and James Pog- 

 gio at the head of about 100 Perugians, had proceed- 

 ed to the palace to take possession of it ; but Caesar 

 Petrucci, the gonfalonier, suspecting their designs, 

 summoned the guards, and occupied the upper story. 

 The Perugians %\ ere accidentally shut up in a hall 

 which could not be opened from within, and the Flor- 

 entines easily seized the archbishop and many of the 

 conspirators. Some of them were killed on the spot ; 

 others were hanged from the windows, and afterwards 

 thrown into the streets. The enraged populace seiz- 

 ed Francis Pazzi in his house, dragged him naked 

 through the streets, and hanged him, with seventy 

 others, at the windows of the palace. James Pazzi, 

 who was riding through the streets calling the people to 

 arms and liberty, was stoned from the palace of the sig- 

 noria, and, finding no adherents, fled to the Apennines, 

 where he was recognized by a peasant, carried back 

 to Florence, and hanged with Renatus Pazzi. The 

 people took his body from the family tomb, and threw 

 it into the fields. The corpse was again buried, and 

 again disinterred by the people, and thrown into the 

 Arno. Bandini had fled to Constantinople ; but he 

 was surrendered by the sultan, Bajazet, and execut- 

 ed with Anthony of Volterra, and Stephen, who had 

 fled to a monastery. Napoleon Francesi and William 

 Pazzi, who was innocent, and was brother-in-law of 

 Lorenzo, both escaped the rage of the populace. But 

 notwithstanding the entreaties of his wife, Bianca, the 

 latter was banished to his villa for life. The former 

 disappeared, and was never more heard of. The rest 

 of the family were imprisoned for life in the dungeons 

 of Volterra. Montesecco was beheaded ; and the 

 cardinal was sent back by Lorenzo, with many apolo- 

 gies to Rome. 



PE ; a Chinese word, indicating north ; for 

 instance, Pe-King (northern residence"). 



