I 



ROME (ANCIENT CITY). 



bitants at that time may have amounted to about 

 3,000,000. The number of inhabitants enjoying 

 the rights of citizenship was never more than 

 300,000. Romiuus surrounded the city with ;i 

 wall, or rather with an earthen mound. Of the 

 four gates which he built the Porta Oariiu'iitulis 

 the Pandana or the Saturnia, the Roman gate, and 

 the Mugionia the Carmentalis alone remains. 

 The wall ran from mount Palatine, at the foot of 

 mount Aventino, to the Tiber; one part of it then 

 extended between the Tiber and the Capitoline 

 hill, and on the other side separated the Palatine 

 from the Coelian, Esquiline, Viminal, and Quirinal 

 hills, and finally terminated at the capitol. The 

 second, or the Servian wall, was much more ex- 

 tensive, and embraced all the above mentioned hills, 

 on the southern and eastern sides ; ran round under 

 mount Aventine to the Tiber; thence passed to 

 the west side of the river, where, being continued in 

 the form of a triangle, as far as the summit of Jani- 

 cuium, it separated this from the other hills ; and 

 then, proceeding to the southern end of the island 

 of the Tiber in a direct course, embraced the whole 

 body of the buildings beyond the river. On the 

 north side of the city, the old walls of Romulus 

 were^mostly preserved ; but the old wall terminated 

 at 1e summit of Quirinalis, while the Servian 

 extended to its easternmost extremity, and then 

 ran round the other hills towards the east. The 

 Pincian hill, Campus Martius, and the Vatican hill, 

 therefore, lay entirely outside of it. The third, or 

 Aurelian wall, likewise included all these parts. 

 It ran from the north-eastern extremity of Qui- 

 rinalis, northwardly; embraced the Campus Mar- 

 tius, which it separated from the Pincian hill; ex- 

 tended beyond the latter to the river; enclosed, 

 beyond the river, the Vatican, in a large bend; and 

 then joined the old wall, which reached to the 

 summit of Janiculum ; so that the island of the Ti- 

 ber was now contained within the limits of the 

 city. In so large a circuit the number of gates 

 must have been considerable. Pliny enumerates 

 thirty-seven, of which several yet remain, but un- 

 der different names. Ancient Rome had several 

 bridges, of which some are still passable. The 

 lowest and oldest bridge was the Pons Sublicius, 

 which led from mount Aventine into the valley 

 below Janiculum, and is no longer standing. The 

 second led from the forum to Janiculum, and was 

 called Pons Senatorius, because the solemn pro- 

 cession of the senate passed over it, when the 

 Sybilb'ne books were to be carried from Janiculum. 

 It was the first stone bridge in Rome, and still 

 exists in ruins under the name of Mary's bridge 

 (Ponte Rotto). Two bridges led to the island in 

 the Tiber, one from the east, and the other from 

 the west side ; the former was called Pons Fabricius 

 (now Ponte di Quattro Capi), and the latter Pons 

 Cestius (now Bartholomew's bridge). A fourth 

 bridge, Pons Janiculensis (now Ponte Sisto), led 

 from the Campus Martius, near the theatre of 

 Marcellus, to Janiculum. The ruins of the fifth, 

 Pons Vaticanus, or Triumphalis, may be seen 

 near the hospital of S. Spirito, and led from the 

 Campus Martius to the Vatican. The .ZElian 

 bridge (Pons ^Elius ; now the beautiful bridge of 

 St Angelo) led to the Moles Adriani. Beyond 

 the wall, and above the Pinciun hill, was the 

 seventh bridge, Pons Milvius, (now Ponte Molle), 

 built by JEmilius Scaurus, after the time of Sylla. 

 The streets of Rome, even after the city was re- 

 built under Nero, were very irregular. The public 



squares, of which there were a great number, 

 were distinguished into arete, squares in front of 

 the palaces and temples; campi, open places, covered 

 with grass, which served for popular assemblies, 

 public processions, for the exercise of the youth in 

 arms, and for the burning of the dead bodies ; and 

 fora, which were paved, and served either for the 

 assembling of the people, for the transaction of 

 public affairs, or for the sale of goods, or for orna- 

 ment. Among the latter, the Forum Romanum 

 (see Forum), and Campus Martius were the most 

 celebrated. The earliest division of Rome was made 

 by Servius Tullius; he divided it into four quar- 

 ters, which he called Tribus urbanse; they were the 

 Tribus Suburbana, Collina, Esquilina and Palatina. 

 This division continued till the reign of Augustus, 

 who divided the city into fourteen regions, accord- 

 ing to which ancient Rome is generally described: 

 1st. Porta Capena; 2d. Coeli Montium; 3d. Isis et 

 Serapis, or Moneta; 4th. Via Sacra, afterwards 

 Templum Pacis; 5th. Esquilina cum colle et turri 

 Viminali; 6th. Alta Semita; 7th. Via Lata; 8th. 

 Forum Romanum; 9th. Circus Flaminius; 10th. 

 Palatium; llth. Circus Maximus; 12th. Piscina 

 Publica; 13th. Aventinus; 14th. Trans Tiberim. 

 The temples, theatres, amphitheatres, circuses, 

 naumachae, porticoes, basilicae, baths, gardens, 

 triumphal arches, columns, sewers, aqueducts, se- 

 pulchres, &c., are the principal public buildings and 

 monuments. For the capitol, the citadel, and prin- 

 cipal temple of Rome, consecrated to Jupiter Ca- 

 pitolinus, and the Pantheon, see the articles. Next 

 to these, the following were the most remarkable ; 

 the temple of JEsculapius, in the island of the Ti- 

 ber, which was consecrated to that god, now the 

 church of St Bartholomew; the temple of Anto- 

 nius and Faustina, in the Via Sacra, now the church 

 of S. Lorenzo in Miranda; the magnificent temple 

 of Apollo, which Augustus built of white marble, 

 on the Palatine, in which were preserved the Sybil- 

 line books (it contained, besides many other curi- 

 osities, a splendid library, and served as a place 

 of resort to the poets, who here recited their 

 works); the temple of the Caesars (Templum 

 Caesarum), which contained the statues of the 

 Caesars, the heads of all which were struck off at 

 once by lightning; the temple of the Dioscuri, in 

 the Forum Romanum, under the Palatine hill, 

 opposite the church of Sta. Maria Liberatrice, 

 built in honour of the two youths, who, in the 

 battle of the lake Regillus, assisted the Romans 

 in gaining the victory, and were supposed to be 

 Castor and Pollux; the temple of the goddess 

 Seia, under the Palatine, built by Servius Tullius, 

 which Nero enclosed in his golden palace, and 

 caused to be covered with transparent Cappadocian 

 marble; the temple of the confederacy, under the 

 name of Templum Diance commune, which the Latin 

 cities built in union, by the persuasion of Servius 

 Tullius, and upon a monument in which were in- 

 scribed the articles of the confederation (this temple 

 was situated upon the Aventine hill, near the 

 church of Sta. Prisca) ; the temple of Janus, upon 

 the island of the Tiber, near the modern Sistine 

 bridge, one of the most beautiful of ancient Rome ; 

 the temple of the Flavian family, in which Domi- 

 tian was buried, still standing on the Piazza Gri- 

 mana ; the temple of Hercules and the Muses, built in 

 the ninth region by Fulvius Nobilior, who placed here 

 the images of the Muses, brought by him from Am- 

 bracia ; the temple of Honour and Virtue, in the first 

 region, built by Marcus Marcellus, and ornamented 



