ROME (ANCIENT CITY). 



by the Marcelli with' the monuments of their family; 

 the temple of Jupiter Stator, on the declivity of 

 the Palatine hill, and vowed by Romulus on an 

 occasion when his soldiers began to flee; the temple 

 of Jupiter Tonans, built by Augustus with much 

 splendour on the slope of the Capitoline hill ; the 

 beautiful temple of the Lycaonian hill, on the island 

 of the Tiber, which thence received the name of 

 Lycaonia; two temples of Isis and of Serapis; the 

 tern pie of Juno Moneta, built upon the spot where 

 the house of Manlius was torn down, on the fortifi- 

 cations of the Capitoline hill, because the awaken- 

 ing of the garrison on the attack of the Gauls was 

 attributed to this goddess; the temple of Liberty, 

 built by Gracchus in the thirteenth region, and 

 restored by Asinius Pollio, who there established 

 the first public library ; the temple of Mars, on the 

 east side of the Appian Way, before the Porta 

 Capena, in the first region, in which the senate gave 

 audience to generals who claimed the honour of 

 a triumph, and likewise to foreign ambassadors (the 

 church delle Palme stands upon its ruins) ; the 

 temple of Alars Ultor, built by Augustus with 

 great splendour, when he recovered the eagles of 

 the legions that had been conquered by the Par- 

 thians; the splendid temple of Minerva, which 

 Domitian built in the forum of Nerva; another 

 temple of the same goddess, which Pompey built 

 in the Campus Martius, and which Augustus 

 covered with bronze; the temple of Peace, once 

 the richest and most beautiful temple in Rome, 

 built by Vespasian, in the Via Sacra, in the fourth 

 region, which contained the treasures of the tem- 

 ple of Jerusalem, a splendid library, and other 

 curiosities, but was burnt under the reign of Corn- 

 modus ; the temple of the goddess Salus, which 

 was painted by Fabius Pictor, the first Roman 

 painter; the temple of Saturn, built by Tarquin 

 the younger, which was afterwards used for the 

 treasury and the archives of Rome ; the temple of 

 the Sun, which Aurelian erected at an enormous 

 expense, and of which some ruins still exist; 

 several temples of Venus, and among them, par- 

 ticularly, the magnificent temple of Venus Geni- 

 trix, which Caesar caused to be built to her as the 

 origin of his family, and the temple of Venus and 

 Roma, of which Adrian himself designed the model ; 

 the temple of Vesta, one of the oldest and most 

 remarkable, built by Numa on the southern summit 

 of the 'Palatine: in it were contained the ancilia, 

 or sacred shields, and the palladium, sacred fire, &c. 

 Of the palaces, the imperial was the most distin- 

 guished. It was built by Augustus upon the Pal- 

 atine hill, and gave the name to the tenth region 

 of the city. The front was on the Via Sacra, and 

 before it were planted oaks. Within the palace 

 lay the temple of Vesta, and also that of Apollo, 

 which Augustus endeavoured to make the chief 

 temple in Rome. The succeeding emperors ex- 

 tended and beautified this palace. Nero burnt it, 

 but rebuilt it, of such extent that it not only 

 embraced all the Palatine hill, but also the plain 

 between that and the Coelian and Esquiline, and 

 even a part of these hills, in its limits. He orna- 

 mented it so richly with precious stones, gold, 

 silver, statues, paintings, and treasures of every 

 description, that it justly received the name of 

 domus aurea (golden house). The following em- 

 perors not only stripped it of its ornaments, but 

 Vespasian and Titus caused some parts of it to be 

 pulled down. Domitian afterwards restored the 

 main building. In the reign of Commodus, a great 



part of it was burnt; but it was restored by him 

 and his successors. In the time of Theodoric, it 

 needed still further repairs ; but this huge edifice 

 subsequently became a ruin, and on its site now 

 stand the Farnese palace and gardens, and the Villa 

 Spada. Among the theatres, those of Pompey, 

 Cornelius Balbus, and Marcellus, were the most 

 celebrated. Pompey built that which bore his 

 name, after his return from Greece, and adorned 

 it with the most beautiful Grecian statues. An 

 aqueduct brought water into every part of it. In 

 order to protect it from destruction, he built with- 

 in its precincts a splendid temple to Venus Victrix. 

 It was capable of containing 40,000 persons. Cali- 

 gula first finished it, but Tiberius had previously 

 restored the scenes : Claudius, still later, did the 

 same thing, and the gothic king Theodoric caused 

 it to be repaired. A few remains of it are yet to 

 be distinguished near the palace Ursini. The 

 theatre of Balbus, the favourite of Augustus, was 

 situated in the Campus Martius. The theatre of 

 Marcellus was built by Augustus in memory of his 

 nephew Marcellus. It accommodated 22,000 spec- 

 tators, and was repaired by Vespasian. Some 

 beautiful ruins of it are still to be seen. Among 

 the amphitheatres, that of Titus was the most 

 remarkable. (See Coliseum; and for the circus 

 maximus and the circus of Caracalla, see Circus.} 

 Among the remaining circuses, the following de- 

 serve to be mentioned: the circus Agonalis, in the 

 ninth region; the circus Aurelius, in the gardens 

 of Heliogabalus, in the fifth; the circus Flaminius, 

 in the ninth, one of the largest and most remark- 

 able, upon the ruins of which the church of Sta. 

 Caterina de* Funari and the palace Maffei now 

 stand; the circus of Flora in the sixth region, 

 upon the same spot which the Piazza Grimana now 

 occupies, where the licentious Floralia were cele- 

 brated ; lastly, the circus of Nero, in the fourteenth 

 region, near the modern church of St Peter; and 

 the circus of Sallust, the ruins of which are still 

 visible near the Colline gate. Without stopping 

 to describe the Naumachiae (q. v.), we will pro- 

 ceed to the porticoes or colonnades. Among these 

 are the Porticus Argonautarum, also called Porti- 

 cus Neptuni, Agrippae, or Vipsanii, which Marcus 

 Vipsanius Agrippa built in 729, and adorned with 

 paintings, representing the history of the Argon- 

 auts: it was situated in the Campus Martius, sur- 

 rounded by a laurel grove, and the marble pillars, 

 still visible in the Piazza di Pietra, probably be- 

 longed to it ; the splendid portico of Europa in the 

 Campus Martius, supposed to have been built by 

 Augustus, and containing the history of Europa; 

 the Porticus Hecatonstylon, in the ninth region, 

 so called from its having 100 pillars; the portico 

 of Livia, in the third region, built by Augustus, 

 and demolished by Nero ; the portico of Metellus, 

 founded by Metellus Macedonicus, between the 

 temple of Apollo, built by him ; and that of Juno, 

 in the ninth region, and ornamented with statues, 

 brought by him from Macedonia; the Porticus 

 Milliarensis, or of the thousand columns, the ruins 

 of which are yet to be seen in the gardens of the 

 duke of Muti; the portico of Octavia, built by 

 Augustus; and the portico of Pola, built by Mar- 

 cus Vipsanius Agrippa; the portico of Pompey, 

 called the Corinthian, from its pillars being of that 

 order of architecture; Pompey built it near his 

 theatre, and ornamented it with golden tapestry: 

 finally, the portico of the sun (Portions Salts), 

 which was built by Aurelian. Among the Basili. 



