ROUSSILLON HOWE. 



and, fixing himself at Montmorency (q. v.V wrote 

 his Social Compact, his New Klui-:t. and his Emi- 

 lius. His political treatises, particularly the essays 

 on the social compact, and the inequality of condi- 

 tions, were the sources of many of the speculative 

 errors of the French revolution. His New Eloisa 

 produced a very different, but equally strong sensa- 

 tion in France, where love merely fluttered around 

 the toilet, and in those countries where female vir- 

 tue was looked upon with respect. His celebrated 

 work on education, Emile ou de I' Education (1762) 

 was originally written for the use of a mother. It 

 was condemned by parliament to be burned, on ac- 

 count of its religious views, and he himself was sen- 

 tenced to imprisonment. He wished to retire to 

 Geneva, but he was also threatened with imprison- 

 ment there, and his book was burned by the com- 

 mon hangman. He therefore took refuge in Moi- 

 tiers-Travers, a small village of Neufchatel, where 

 he again found himself among Protestants, the sim- 

 plicity of whose worship was agreeable to him. 

 The Geneva clergy assailed him from their pulpits, 

 he wrote his celebrated Letters from the Mountains, 

 in reply to their calumnies. This work, with his 

 Letter to the Archbishop of Paris, and his Dic- 

 tionnaire Physique Portatif, were publicly burned in 

 Paris, in 1705. New troubles drove him from Moi- 

 tiers, and he resided two months on Peter's island, 

 in the lake of Bienne. His residence here produced 

 his Botaniste sans Maitre. Neither was he long 

 tolerated here ; but the canton of Berne ordered 

 him to quit the country without delay in the severest 

 season of the year. On reaching Paris, he became 

 the object of ridicule to the philosophers, but was 

 kindly received by Hume, whom he accompanied to 

 England ; but, yielding to his unfounded suspicions 

 of his friends in England, towards whom he con- 

 ducted himself with the most perverse ingratitude, 

 he left the country, and returned to Paris in 1767. 

 (See Hume's Private Correspo?irfewce,London,1820.) 

 In 1768 he published his Musical Dictionary, and 

 soon after appeared his melo drama of Pygmalion. 

 As he grew older, his dislike of society increased, 

 and he retired in May, 1778, to Ermenonville, near 

 Paris, where he died of apoplexy, July 2, of the 

 same year, at the age of sixty-six years. He was 

 buried in the isle of poplars, where a monument is 

 erected to his memory. The principal traits of his 

 character were an enthusiastic passion for love and 

 freedom, a spirit of paradox, an inflexible obstinacy, 

 and a warm zeal for the good of men, combined with 

 a gloomy hypochondria. His works were published 

 at Paris, 10 vols., 1764, and have often been re- 

 published. The best edition is that of 1824, seq., 

 20 vols., with the notes of Musset-Pathay, who is 

 the author of an excellent work Histoire de la 

 Vie et des Ouvrages de J. J. Rousseau (1 vol., 

 Paris, 1827). Theresa Levasseur became his com- 

 panion in 1745 ; in 1768 Rousseau married her. His 

 children by her had all been placed in the found- 

 ling hospital. She was faithful to him, and knew 

 how to gratify his humours, but had no other merit. 

 In 1791, &fite champetre was established at Mont- 

 morency, in honour of Rousseau, and his bones were 

 deposited, in 1794, in the Pantheon. 



ROUSSILLON; before the French revolution, 

 a province of France, once belonged to Spain, 

 bounded north by Languedoc, east by the Mediter- 

 ranean, south by Catalonia, and west by the Pyre- 

 nees ; about eighteen leagues in length, and twelve 

 in breadth. The land is fertile in general. The 

 principal rivers are the Tet and Tech. Perniyuan 



is the capital. It now forms the department of the 

 eiistern Pyrenees. The counts of Roussillon go- 

 verned this district for a long time. The last count 

 bequeathed it to Alphonso of Arragon, in 1178. In 

 14<>2, it was ceded to Louis the XI. of France ; but 

 in 1493, it was restored to the kings of Arragon, 

 and in 1659 was finally annexed to France by the 

 treaty of the Pyrenees. See Pyrenees, Peace of. 



ROUSSILLON WINES; in general, the wines 

 of the province of this name. The best for export 

 are those of Baix, Tormilla, Salces, Rivesaltes, 

 Spira, Collioure, Bagnols, Parcous, and St Andre. 

 The red sorts are thick, of a beautiful colour, and 

 used chiefly to improve other wines. A particular 

 sort is called Grenache, and is, at first, similar to 

 the Alicant wine, dark red, but grows paler with 

 age, and in the sixth or seventh year is similar 

 to the famous Cape wine. Of the white Roussillon 

 wines, the Maccabeo is the most costly. 



ROVEREDO (in German, Rovereitli) ; a well 

 built town in Tyrol, in the valley of the Adige, on 

 the road frora Trent to Peschiera, with about 12,000 

 inhabitants who chiefly live by spinning, dyeing, and 

 selling silk, particularly sewing silk ; lat. 45 55' 

 36" N. ; Ion. 11 0' 43" E. The place is of mili- 

 tary importance, as is proved by several battles 

 which have been fought there. Massena obtained 

 a victory at this place over a part of the army of 

 Wurmser, September 3 and 4, 1796. The loss of 

 the Austrians was estimated at 5000 men and 25 

 cannons. 



ROVIGO ; a town on a branch of the Adige, 

 in the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, with 1000 in- 

 habitants, from which Napoleon gave the title of 

 duke to his minister of police, Savary. 



ROWE, ELIZABETH, a lady distinguished for her 

 piety and literary talents, was the daughter of Mr 

 Singer, a dissenting minister of Ilchester, where she 

 was born in 1674. She became accomplished in 

 music and painting at a tender age, and even at- 

 tempted versification in her twelfth year. In 1696 

 she published a volume of Poems on several occa- 

 sions, by Philomela. The charms of her person and 

 conversation procured her many admirers, among 

 whom she chose Mr Rowe, the son of a dissenting 

 minister, whom she lost a few years after marriage, 

 by a consumption, at the early age of twenty-eight. 

 On this event she retired to Frome, where she pro- 

 duced the greatest part of her works, the most po- 

 pular of which was her Friendship in Death, or 

 Twenty Letters from the Dead to the Living a 

 work of a lively imagination, strongly imbued with 

 devotional feeling. This production, which was 

 was published in 1728, was followed in 1729 and 

 1731, by Letters, moral and entertaining, in Prose and 

 Verse. In 1736, she published a History of Joseph, 

 a poem, which she had composed in early life. After 

 her death (1736), Dr Isaac Watts published her 

 Devout Exercises of the Heart ; and in 1739 her 

 Miscellaneous works in Prose and Verse, appeared 

 in 2 vols. 8vo, with an account of her life and writ- 

 ings prefixed. 



ROWE, NICHOLAS, an English dramatic poet, 

 born in 1673, at Little Berkford, Bedfordshire, was 

 the son of John Rowe, a serjeant-at-law. He stu- 

 died at Westminster, as king's scholar, under the 

 celebrated Dr Busby, and at the age of sixteen was 

 entered a student at the Middle Temple ; but on 

 the death of his father, he gave up the law, and 

 turned his chief attention to polite literature. At 

 the age of twenty.-four, he produced his tragedy of 

 the Ambitious Stepmother ; Tamerlane followed, 



