RUM RUMJANZOFF. 



of the hot cane-juice, or sometimes raw eane-liquor, 

 lees or dunder (as it is called), and water. The 

 dunder answers the purpose of yeast, and is usually 

 prepared by a separate fermentation of cane, s\nvis, 

 and water. The materials being mixed in due pro- 

 portions (which are about equal parts of scummings, 

 dunder, and water), the fermentation (q. v.) soon 

 begin.-, and in twenty-four hours the liquor is fit for 

 the first charge of molasses, which is added in the 

 proportion of three gallons for every hundred gal- 

 lons of the liquor. Another charge is added in a 

 day or two, or afterwards. The heat in fermenta- 

 io 11 should not exceed 90 or 94. The fermenta- 

 tion falls in six or eight days, and the liquor grows 

 fine and fit for distillation. In about two hours after 

 lighting the fire, the spirit begins to run, (in a still 

 of 1200 gallons ;) and it is collected as long as it is 

 inflammable. The first spirit is called in the coun- 

 try low wines ; and it is rectified in a smaller still, to 

 the Jamaica proof, which is that in which olive oil 

 will sink. The spirit called New England rum is 

 prepared from molasses, and largely exported. 



RUM, ISLAND OF. See Hebrides. 



RUMELIA, OR RUM-ILI. See Romania. 



RUMFORD, COUNT, so called from the title con- 

 ferred on him by the elector of Bavaria, was born 

 in Woburn, New England, in 1752. His name was 

 Benjamin Thompson. He acquired, when young, a 

 knowledge of natural philosophy, by the aid of the 

 professor of that science in the college of Cambridge. 

 He then employed himself as a teacher, till he was 

 'aised to independence by an advantageous mar- 

 riage, when he became a major in the militia of his 

 native province ; and when the war took place be- 

 tween Great Britain and her colonies, his local 

 knowledge enabled him to render services of impor- 

 tance to the English commanders. He went to 

 England, and, as a reward of his services, obtained 

 a situation in the foreign office, under Lord George 

 Germaine. Towards the close of the war, he was 

 sent to New York, where he raised a regiment of dra- 

 goons, of which he was appointed colonel, and thus 

 became entitled to half pay. Returning to England 

 in 1784, he received the honour of knighthood, and 

 was for some time one of the under secretaries of 

 state. Soon after, he went to the continent, and, 

 through the recommendation of the prince of Deux 

 Fonts (afterwards king;of Bavaria), entered into the 

 service of the reigning elector-palatine and duke 

 of Bavaria, when he effected many important and 

 useful reforms in both the civil and military depart- 

 ments of the state. Among these was a scheme for 

 the suppression of mendicity, which he carried into 

 execution at Munich and other parts of the Bava- 

 rian territories, providing labour for able-bodied 

 paupers, and exciting a spirit of industry among the 

 lower orders of the people in general. As the re- 

 ward of his success in this and other undertaking*, 

 he received from the sovereign of Bavaria, various 

 orders of knighthood, was made a lieutenant gene- 

 ral, and created Count Rumford. He left Bavaria 

 in 1799, and returned to England, where he em- 

 ployed himself in making experiments on the nature 

 and application of heat, and on other subjects of 

 economical and philosophical research. He like- 

 wise suggested the plan, and assisted in the founda- 

 tion of the royal institution, which led to other 

 establishments of a similar description. In 1802, he 

 removed to Paris, where he took tip his residence ; 

 and, his wife being dead, he married the widow of 

 the celebrated Lavoisier ; but the union proved un- 

 fortunate, and a separation ere long took place. 



Count Rumford then retired to a country house at 

 Auteuil, about four miles from Paris, and there 

 devoted his time to the embellishment of his domain, 

 and to the cultivation of chemistry and experimen- 

 tal philosophy. Though he disliked both the cha- 

 racter and politics of the French, he preferred the 

 climate of their country to every other ; and he 

 therefore procured permission from the king of Ba- 

 varia, to continue in France, and retain the pension 

 of 1200 a year, granted him by that prince. He 

 died in August, 1814, leaving by his firM wit'i- a 

 daughter, who resided at Boston, in the United 

 States. Count Rumford was by no means a man of 

 learning, his literary acquirements being confined to 

 the English, French, and German languages; but 

 he was familiar with the discoveries and improve- 

 ments of modern science, and the industry and per- 

 severance with which he pursued his inquiries ena- 

 bled him to make some considerable additions to our 

 knowledge of chemistry and practical philosophy. 

 Besides a great number of papers in various scien- 

 tific Journals, he published four volumes of Essays, 

 experimental, political, economical, and philoso- 

 phical. 



RUMINANT, in natural history, is applied to 

 an animal that chews over again what it has eaten 

 before. This is popularly called chewing the cud. 



RUMJANZOFF, NICHOLAS PKTRO wiTSCH,count, 

 chancellor of the Russian empire, was the son of the 

 field-marshal Peter Rumjanzoff, or Romanzoff, dis- 

 tinguished in the reign of Catharine by his victories 

 over the Turks. He began his career about 1785, 

 as Russian ambassador at Frankfort on the Maine. 

 He was afterwards minister of commerce, and did 

 much to promote the internal and foreign trade of 

 Russia. In 1807, he became minister of foreign 

 affairs, and soon after, chancellor of the empire. 

 He accompanied the emperor, in 1808, to Erfurt; 

 and, in 1809, concluded peace with Sweden. Dur- 

 ing the campaign of 1813 14, he remained in Pe- 

 tersburg, at the head of the department of foreign 

 affairs, which, however, were directed, in the impe 

 rial camp, by the emperor himself. After the return 

 of the emperor, he resigned the port-folio to count 

 Nesselrode. From this time count Rumjanzoff, who 

 hadalmost totally lost his hearing, lived retired from 

 public affairs, and devoted his riches to patriotic and 

 scientific undertakings. He promoted greatly the 

 introduction of the system of mutual instruction. 

 Kotzebue's voyage round the world was executed, 

 and the description of it printed, at his expense. The 

 Russian codex diplomaticus has been printed, at his 

 expense, at Moscow, since 1813. For professor Hase 

 of Paris, he defrayed the expenses of an edition of 

 Leo Diaconus, and to the imperial academy of 

 science, he gave 25,000 rubles, to be spent in print- 

 ing old Russian annals and chronicles. He also 

 caused a monument of much importance, as con- 

 nected with the history of art in the middle ages, the 

 Chersonese gates of the cathedral at Novgorod 

 (containing forty-six biblical and historical scenes), 

 to be described by Adelung, and the work to be 

 printed at his expense. In 1820, he established on 

 his domains (containing one town, ninety villages, 

 and 30,000 souls), at Homel (in the government of 

 Mohilew), a charitable school. He collected from 

 sixty to two hundred of the vagrant and mendicant 

 children of bond-peasants in awing of his castle, 

 where they were clothed, fed, and taught on the 

 system of mutual instruction and exercised in some 

 trade. To Rumjanzoff, also, we are indebted 

 for the first edition, in the Tartar language, of 



