62 



RUST RUYTER. 



most part, serfs, and so well ^killed, (hat ercry one 

 pounds his 110(0 with tin- grout o-t accuracy, when- 

 ever it is necessary; and tin- tones of the different 

 instruments sound as if they proceeded from a 

 single instrument. The Russians have carried this 

 music to such a pitch of excellence as to execute 

 pieces of Pleyel, Haydn, and Mozart, and likewise 

 to mark the distinctions between piano and cres- 

 cendo, with the greatest effect. This music is 

 h/ard at a great distance, and sounds, when far 

 off, like a harmonicon. It was invented by Narisch- 

 kin. In 1763, these instruments were used, with 

 great success, at a festival at Moscow; and they 

 afterwards received great improvements. 



RUST is the oxide of a metal, and is composed 

 of oxygen combined with a metal. See Oxyyen. 



RUSTY CRACKLE. See Blackbird. 



RUTA BAGA, oa SWEDISH TURNIP. See 

 Turnip. 



RUTHERGLEN; an ancient royal burgh of 

 Scotland, situated near the south bank of the 

 Clyde, in the lower ward of Lanarkshire, about 

 two and a half miles south-east from Glasgow. 

 The name is supposed by some to be derived from 

 Reuther, one of the early kings of Scotland; by 

 others, from the British Ruth-ir-glan, signifying the 

 " red land near the river." The place was made a 

 royal burgh by David I., about the year 1 126, and 

 confirmed by his grandson, William the Lion, some 

 of whose charters are dated at Rutherglen. Its 

 privileges and immunities, as appears from the 

 charters yet extant, were very great. These, 

 however, were gradually diminished, as the neigh- 

 bouring towns rose into consequence, and the town 

 itself seems to have been unable to make head 

 against the commercial prosperity of the city of 

 Glasgow. In 1671, a new set of the burgh was 

 obtained, by which the right of the election of 

 magistrates and council was vested in the burgesses. 

 It thus possessed a more open system of suffrage 

 than any other burgh in the kingdom, until the 

 Municipal Reform Bill placed all constituencies on 

 a level. The church of Rutherglen, a very ancient 

 Gothic structure, dedicated to the virgin Mary, 

 was taken down in 1794, and the present one 

 erected. The castle, another ancient structure, 

 which sustained several sieges in the fourteenth 

 century, was burnt by order of the regent Murray, 

 after the battle of Langside, and though partially 

 restored, it has been since levelled with the ground. 

 Before the passing of the Reform Bill, Rutherglen, 

 with Glasgow, Renfrew, and Dumbarton, sent one 

 member to parliament. It now joins with Kilmar- 

 nock, Renfrew, Port-Glasgow, and Dumbarton in 

 sending one. Rutherglen gives the title of earl to 

 the marquis of Queensberry. The fairs of this 

 town have long been noted for a great show of 

 horses, particularly the Lanarkshire breed, which 

 are esteemed the best draught horses in Scotland ; 

 they are held on the last Friday in April, the first 

 Tuesday in May after Trinity Sunday, the third 

 Friday in July and August, the third Monday in 

 October, and the third Friday in November, all old 

 style. Some other horse markets throughout Scot- 

 land are regulated by those fairs. The parish of 

 Rutherglen extends along the southern border of 

 the river Clyde, about three miles in length and 

 one and a quarter in breadth; the surface is diversi- 

 fied with slight elevations, except near the river, 

 where it is level ; the scenery is extremely pleasing; 

 and the land is enclosed and well cultivated. Popu- 

 lation of the burgh and parish in 1S41, 051/5. 



See Tre's History of Rutherglen and East KH- 

 bride, 



RUTLANDSHIRE; an inland county of Eng- 

 land, the smallest in the kingdom, is bounded OR 

 the north by Leicestershire and Lincolnshire; OR 

 the east by the latter county; on the south-east by 

 Northamptonshire; and on the south-west and west 

 by Leicestershire. Its extreme length is eighteen 

 miles from east to west, and fifteen from north to 

 south. Its superficial contents, according to the 

 trigonometrical survey, amount to 149 square miles, 

 or about 95,360 acres. Nearly half the land ii 

 the county is under tillage, producing wheat of 

 peculiar fine quality, and also barley, oats, bean? 

 peas, turnips, and tares. The quantity of pastur 

 is said to exceed that of the arable land. Chee 

 is an important product of this county, that ri--! 

 kind called Stilton cheese, being made in Leigh 

 field Forest, and in the fruitful Vale of Catmc 

 There are some extensive orchards in Rutlandshire ; 

 and the woodlands consist of about three thousand 

 acres. The rivers, besides the Welland on the 

 south-eastern border of the county, are the little 

 river Eye, on the south-west, which rises in Lei- 

 cestershire and falls into the Welland; the Was! 

 or Guash; and the Chater, which also joins the 

 Welland; the former below, and the latter above 

 the town of Stamford. These streams are fed by 

 numerous springs and rivulets gushing from the 

 sides of the hills, and communicating fertility to 

 the adjoining county. Between Teigh and Market- 

 Averton is a chalybeate spring, which at one time 

 was greatly frequented; and there are various 

 others in different parts of the county. The four 

 hundreds are Alstoe, East, Martinsley, and Wran- 

 dike; and the Soke is that of Oakham. There are 

 no boroughs, and the only market-towns are Oak- 

 ham and Uppingham. Population of Rutlandshire 

 in 1821, 18,487; in 1831, 19,385, in 1841, 21,302. 



RUYSCH, RACHEL, one of the most celebrated 

 painters of fruit and flower pieces, was born at 

 Amsterdam in 1664, and died in 1750. Her pic- 

 tures are distinguished for truth and splendour of 

 colouring, united with great finish. 



RUYSDAEL, OR RUYSDAAL, JAMES, one of 

 the greatest landscape painters, was born, in 1635, 

 at Harlem. His brother Solomon (born- 1616, and 

 known for the beauty of his representation of mar- 

 bles, &c.') seems to have been his teacher. James 

 died in his native city in 1681. His aim appears to 

 have been a faithful, but poetical conception of 

 gloomy, and sometimes wild, nature. Landscapes 

 with dark clouds hanging over them, church-yards, 

 or thick woods after a thunder-storm, cascades be- 

 tween thick foliage, lakes and rivulets surrounded 

 by overhanging trees, &c., are his subjects, and un- 

 represented admirably. The figures in his paintings 

 were executed by others. 



RUYTER, MICHAEL FITZ ADRIAN; a celebrated 

 Dutch admiral, born at Flushing in 1607. He en- 

 tered young into the naval service of his country, 

 and rose from the situation of cabin-boy to that of 

 captain, in 1635. He was sent, in 1641, to the 

 assistance of the Portuguese, who had thrown off 

 the yoke of Spain; on which occasion he was ap- 

 pointed rear-admiral ; and, two years, he was em- 

 ployed against the Barbary corsairs. In the war 

 between the Dutch and English, which commenced 

 in 1652, Ruyter repeatedly distinguished himself, 

 especially in the terrible battle fought in February, 

 1653, near the mouth of the Channel, when Blake 

 (q. v.) commanded the English, and Tromp (q. v.) 



