SACKVILLE SADJ. 



in their panygenc ; arid Prior, Dryden, Congreve, 

 and Addison, all bear testimony to his merit. He 

 was a very able critic; and Butler owed it to him 

 that the court relished his Hudibras. His own 

 brief productions are those of a man of wit, gay and 

 airy. 



SACKVILLE, GEORGE (viscount Sackville), was 

 the third son of the first duke of Dorset, and was 

 born in 1716. He was educated at Trinity college, 

 Dublin, served with reputation at the battles of 

 Fontenoy and Dettingen, and, in 1758, had attained 

 the rank of lieutenant-general. The following year 

 he commanded the British cavalry at the battle of 

 Minden, under prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, 

 whose orders to advance with his troops, during 

 the engagement, he disobeyed, either from cow- 

 ardice or misapprehension. His behaviour was 

 generally attributed at home to the former cause, 

 and he was tried by a court-martial, convicted of 

 dereliction of duty, and sentenced to be dismissed 

 from the service. Under the administration of 

 lord Bute, he was restored to favour. In 1775, he 

 was appointed colonial secretary of state, and held 

 that office during the progress of the war with 

 America. On relinquishing bis post in 1782, he 

 was created viscount. For a considerable part of 

 his life, he was called lord George Germaine, hav- 

 ing taken that name on succeeding to an estate left 

 him by lady Elizabeth Germaine, who died in 1769. 

 See Junius. 



SACLACTIC ACID. See Mu.dc Acid. 



SAGO; a river of America, which rises in the 

 \\ r hite mountains, andVuns south-east into the At- 

 lantic, below Saco, in Maine. It is 160 miles long, 

 and has falls of seventy-two feet at Hiram, of 

 twenty feet at Lymington, of thirty feet at Bux- 

 ton, and of forty-two feet at Saco. To Saco, six 

 miles from its mouth, it is navigable. 



SACO; a post-town and port of entry in York 

 county, Maine, United States, at the falls on Saco 

 river.- It is fifteen miles south-west of Portland. 

 Population in 1830, 3219. The falls at this place 

 are used in working saw-mills and factories. 



SACRAMENT (Latin, sacramentum; the as- 

 sumption of an obligation, and oath). This word 

 received a religious sense, in the Christian church, 

 from its having been used in the vulgate, to trans- 

 late the Greek ^w^-T^m. Among the early Latin 

 ecclesiastical writers, sacramentum, therefore, signi- 

 fies a mystery, a symbolical religious ceremony; but 

 first acquired the peculiar sense which it now has 

 in the Roman Catholic church, denoting seven par- 

 ticular religious rites. The Catholic church con- 

 siders a sacrament as a visible token, ordained by 

 Christ, by means of which an invisible grace is 

 communicated to Christians. The seven Roman 

 sacraments, as confirmed by the council of Trent 

 (sess. vii.), are 1. Baptism (Matthew xxviii, 19); 

 2. Confirmation (Acts viii, 14 21, xix, 1 4); 3. 

 the Eucharist (see Lord's Supper); 4. penance 

 (q. v.) ; 5. extreme unction (James v, 14, 15) ; 6. or- 

 ders (Acts vi, 1 7; xiii, 1 4; xiv, 20 24; and 

 2 Timothy i, 6 and 7) ; and marriage, the sacred 

 and indissoluble nature of which is conceived to be 

 taught in Matthew v, 31, 32; xix, 110; Mark 

 x, 2 13; Luke xvi, 18; Romans vii, 2 4; 1 

 Corinthians vii, 10 and 11. The Greek church 

 agrees with the Roman church in the doctrine of 

 the sacraments. (See Greek Church.) The Pro- 

 testants, in general, acknowledge but two sacra- 

 ments, baptism and the Lord's supper, considering 

 a sacrament to be a festival instituted by Christ, 



by which he who partakes of it worthily, partici- 

 pates in the influences of divine grace through 

 sensible means and signs. The different views of 

 the early reformers on the subject of the eucharist 

 are stated in the articles Carlstadt, ZuingUus, Lord's 

 Supper. (See also, Reformed Church.) Luther 

 and Melanchthon at first acknowledged penance or 

 absolution as a sacrament, but afterwards ranked it 

 only as a preparation for the Lord's supper. The 

 Quakers consider the sacraments as of little impor- 

 tance. See Quakers. 



SACRIFICES. See Offerings. 



SACRILEGE; the alienating to laymen, or com- 

 mon purposes, what was given to religious persons 

 and pious uses. The idea that sacrilege is to be 

 punished with peculiar severity, as a profanation of 

 things sacred, or a direct indignity to God, was con- 

 troverted even in the chamber of Catholic France, 

 in the debates respecting the bill sur le sacrilege, in 

 1825. See St Edme's work, La Legislation histo- 

 rique du Sacrilege chez tous les Peuples (Paris, 1825). 

 Church robbery, or the taking things out of a holy 

 place, is sacrilege, and, by the common law, was 

 punished with more severity than other thefts, for 

 the benefit of clergy (q. v.) was denied to the of- 

 fender, but it is now put by statute on a footing 

 with other felonies. 



SACS. See Indians, American. 



SADDUCEES; one of the four principal sects 

 of the Jews, the founder of whom was Sadoc, a 

 Jewish rabbi, who lived about 200 years B. C. 

 The doctrines inculcated by his master, Antigonus, 

 that we ought to practise virtue, not for the sake 

 of reward, but solely on account of its own intrin- 

 sic excellence, led him to maintain that there would 

 be neither rewards nor punishments in another life. 

 His adherents, therefore, denied the resurrection 

 and the immortality of the soul; believed neither 

 in angels nor spirits ; but were very strict in their 

 morals ; so that Christ, notwithstanding the reproach 

 that they did not understand the Scriptures, did 

 not censure them on account of their morals. 

 They succeeded to the highest dignities and offices, 

 and even to the high priesthood. This sect still 

 exists among the Caraites. (q. v.) 



SADI, OR SAADI (SHEIK MOSLEHEDIN SADI 

 EL SHIRAZI), of Shiraz, one of the most celebrated 

 lyric and moral poets of Persia, was born at Shiraz, 

 in the year of the Hegira 571 (A. D. 1175), and 

 died in the 116th year of his age (A. D. 1292.) 

 As his parents were poor, he was educated at the 

 court of Abubeker, and received great favours from 

 different nionarchs of Persia. He spent thirty 

 years in travelling, and did not begin to write until 

 his ninetieth year. He completed his works, which 

 are extensive, in the last twelve years of his life. 

 The Persians esteem him exceedingly, on account 

 of his golden maxims, which they consider as a 

 treasure of true wisdom, and also on account of 

 his pure, elegant, and simple style. Of his works, 

 we possess, 1. a collection (Divan) of lyric poems 

 in the Arabic and Persian languages, consisting 

 partly of amatory poems, and partly of exhortations 

 to partake in the joys of life, intermingled with 

 serious reflections; 2. a moral work, under the 

 title of Gulistan (the Garden of Roses), composed 

 both of prose and verse, in eight books, with the 

 following titles: "on the minds and morals ot 

 kings;" "on the minds and morals of dervises;" 

 "on the quiet and happiness of contentment;" "on 

 the importance of silence;" "on love and youth;" 

 "on weakness and old age;" "on the education of 



