SALUZZO SAMARITANS. 



85 



territory, when saluting a person of distinction, 

 begins a loud howl. In the hut he repeats the 

 salutation, holding his hands above his head, and 

 howling three times. He returns thanks with 

 another howl, when the superior invites him, with 

 a low sigh, to sit down. In Otaheite, and 

 particularly in the Society and Friendly islands, 

 persons touch the ends of each other's noses. This 

 salutation is returned by each rubbing the hand of 

 the other on his own nose and mouth. The Ota- 

 heitan presents a person whom he chooses for a 

 friend, sometimes with a part of his dress, some- 

 times with the whole. The inhabitants of New 

 Guinea cover their heads with leaves. This action 

 is also regarded as a sign of peace. 



SALUZZO ; formerly a marquisate, which, after 

 a long dispute between France and Savoy, was fin- 

 ally confirmed to the latter (1601), in exchange for 

 Bresse and Bugey. It lay between Dauphiny and 

 Nizza, and now forms a province of the Sardinian 

 monarchy. The capital, of the same name, lies 

 Hoar the Po, and has a population of 10,150. The 

 house of the marquises of Saluzzo was celebrated 

 in the middle ages, and there are at present branches 

 of it in France (Saluces), Naples, and Austria. 



SALVADOR, ST, OR BAYAMO ; a town of 

 Cuba, near the southern coast, 520 miles south- 

 east of Havana, on the right bank of the river 

 Bayamo, which forms a port at its mouth. The 

 town is about twenty miles distant from the port. 

 Lon. 76 55' ; lat. 20 23'. Population, 7486 ; 

 2875 of which are whites, 3139 free persons of 

 colour, and 1472 slaves. 



SALVADOR, ST. See Bahia. 



SALVAGE ; a recompense allowed by law for 

 the saving of a ship or goods from loss at sea, either 

 by shipwreck or other means, or by enemies or 

 pirates. See Prize. 



SALVATOR ROSA. See Rosa. 



SALVI, GIAMBATTISTA. See Sassoferato. 



SALZBURG ; a city of Austria, on the Salza, 

 sixty-three miles south-east of Munich, the chief 

 place of the circle of the same name ; lat. 47 48' 

 N. ; Ion. 13 1' E. It contains, besides the cathe- 

 dral, sixteen other churches, six hospitals, and 

 several literary institutions. The principal article 

 of manufacture is hardware. The cathedral is more 

 remarkable for solidity than elegance. The uni- 

 versity was converted (1809) into an academy. 

 The most striking feature of the place is its roman- 

 tic situation amidst lofty mountains. The citadel 

 stands in a bold and commanding situation, and one 

 of the gateways is cut through a solid rock, being 

 300 feet in length, thirty feet in height, and 

 twenty-four in breadth. Population, 13,000. 



SALZMANN, CHRISTIAN GOTTHILF, a distin- 

 guished teacher at Schnepfenthal, was born, in 

 1744, in the territory of Erfurt, where his father 

 was a Protestant preacher. He himself was a 

 clergyman in Erfurt, when the works of Rousseau 

 and Basedow directed his attention more particularly 

 to the education of his own children. In 1778, he 

 published Entertainments for Children, and Friends 

 of Children, and, in 1780, his excellent Krebsbuch- 

 lein, in which he exposes, with keen irony, the pre- 

 valent mistakes in education. Basedow invited 

 him, in 1781, to take part in his Philanthropin, an 

 establishment for education, at Dessau. He pub- 

 lished his Sermons, &c. at this institution, from 1781 

 to 1783, in 4 small vols. In 1783, he began, and 

 in 1788 finished, his novel Karl von Karlsberg, or, 

 en Human Misery, in 6 vols. In 1784, he estab- 



lished in Schnepfenthal (in Gotha),hisown institu- 

 tion. His prudent management, and the zealous 

 co-operation of able assistants, made it prosper. He 

 began with his own children, and a few others ; but 

 pupils were soon sent to him, not only from all 

 parts of Germany, but also from many foreign coun- 

 tries. Some of these pupils were of very high rank. 

 In 1797, he published his Heaven on Earth, which 

 gained him the favour of many parents. In 1803, 

 the number of his pupils was sixty-one. In 1788, 

 he began to publish the Thuringian Messenger, a 

 journal which was much read. A number of books 

 on education, by him and his associates, contributed 

 much to the changes which took place in education. 

 His institution was distinguished, moreover, for the 

 health of the pupils, and the development of their 

 physical powers, which was owing to its salubrious 

 situation, to the attention paid to diet, -and to the 

 gymnastics introduced there by Guts-Muths. (q. v.) 

 Six of his associates became his sons-in-law, and 

 two of his sons were among his associates. His 

 daughters also taught. The wars in Europe, and 

 the increasing number of similar institutions, re- 

 duced the number of his pupils, so that, in 1807, he 

 had but thirty-six children under his care. Salz- 

 mann died in 1811, having effected much good as 

 an instructor and a popular author. Clearness and 

 simplicity, piety and practical good sense, are the 

 prominent features of his writings. He was dis- 

 tinguished for firmness, sagacity, and unceasing ac- 

 tivity, and was honoured by thousands whom he 

 had trained in the ways of virtue and wisdom. His 

 institution continues under his son, Charles Salz- 

 mann. 



SAMARCAND; a city of Bucharia, situated in 

 a fertile and delightful region, 200 miles east of 

 the city of Bucharia; lat. 39 30' N.; Ion. 68 

 50' E. Its population is about 50,000. It is sur- 

 rounded with a double wall, contains numerous 

 fountains, 250 mosques, with forty madrases, or re- 

 ligious schools (see Mosques'), a palace, several 

 bazars, &c. Samarcand has been, for two centuries 

 and a half, one of the great marts of the Asiatic 

 inland commerce. It was anciently called Mara- 

 kanda, and was the capital of Sogdiana, which lay 

 on the northern frontiers of the Persian empire. 

 Alexander is thought to have pillaged it. It was 

 taken by Gengis Khan in 1220, and, under Timour, 

 or Tamerlane became the capital of one of the 

 most extensive empires in the world. Tamerlane, 

 towards the end of the fourteenth century, estab- 

 lished a Mohammedan university here, and Samar- 

 cand became the seat of Asiatic learning. See 

 Bucharia. 



SAMARITANS. After the fall of the king- 

 dom of Israel, the people remaining in its territory, 

 consisting of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, 

 mingled with some Assyrian colonists, were called 

 by the Greeks Samaritans, from the city of Samaria, 

 around which they dwelt. When the Jews, on 

 their return from captivity, rebuilt the temple of 

 Jerusalem, the Samaritans desired to aid in the 

 work; but their offers were rejected by the Jews, 

 who looked upon them as unclean, on account of 

 their mixture with heathens; and the Samaritans 

 revenged themselves by hindering the building of 

 the city and temple. Hence the hatred which pre- 

 vailed between the Jews and Samaritans, which, in 

 the time of Jesus, when the latter were confined 

 to a narrow strip of country between Judaea and 

 Galilee, prevented all intercourse between them, 

 and still continues. Having never become inde- 



