SAN CARLOS SANCTION. 



of his countrymen, he exhorted them, when they 

 were hard pressed by the Philistines, to fear God, 

 and worship him, as their only means of deliver- 

 ance. His prayers and sacrifices obtained for them 

 the victory ; and the office of judge was conferred 

 on him. He governed the people twelve years; 

 and his administration was distinguished by the 

 restoration of the neglected worship of Jehovah. 

 He also gave new vigour to the theocratical insti- 

 tutions of Moses, by the establishment of schools 

 of the prophets. (See Prophets.) In his old age, 

 the corruption of his sons, to whom he had trans- 

 mitted the office of judge, excited discontents 

 among the Hebrews, who demanded a king. 

 Samuel reluctantly yielded to this revolution, but 

 at the same time anointed the king of the general 

 choice, imposing upon him such restrictions as 

 should preserve the old constitution, and reproving 

 him freely when he was guilty of injustice or im- 

 piety. But when Saul attacked the priestly office 

 and privileges, Samuel anointed a new king, David. 

 He did not live to see the contest between David 

 and Saul decided; but, even after his death, his 

 spirit, evoked by the witch of Endor, threatened 

 the latter with the divine vengeance. The books 

 of Judges and Ruth, and part of the first book of 

 Samuel, have been attributed to him, but are pro- 

 bably by a later hand. 



SAN CARLOS, JOSEPH MICHAEL DE CAR- 

 VAJAL, duke of, descended from the old kings of 

 Leon, was born in Lima, in 1771, went to Spain 

 at the age of sixteen, began his military career as 

 colonel in the second regiment of Majorca infantry, 

 of which his uncle was colonel-proprietor, was in 

 the campaign of Catalonia, in the war of 1793, and 

 a volunteer in the Toulon expedition. On the death 

 of his uncle he was appointed chamberlain, and sub- 

 sequently governor to the prince of Asturias, after- 

 wards Ferdinand VII. His system of education was, 

 however, not suitable to the views of Godoy, whose 

 influence deprived the duke of that post. In 1805, 

 he was invested with the office of major-domo to 

 Charles IV., and in 1807, was appointed to the 

 viceroyship of Navarre. Three months after he 

 had taken possession of his viceroyalty, he received 

 orders to consider himself a prisoner in the citadel. 

 This arrest arose out of a report, that the duke 

 had recommended to the prince to remove the 

 queen-mother from all influence in the affairs of 

 the kingdom, in case of the king's death, who at 

 that time was very ill, and also to bring the prince 

 of peace before the tribunals of his country. During 

 the affair of the Escurial (see Ferdinand VII.), he 

 was subjected to various severe scrutinies; and, 

 though liberated at the same time as prince Ferdi- 

 nand, he was ordered to remove sixty leagues from 

 Madrid, and was prohibited from fixing his resi- 

 dence in Navarre. He resided at Alfaro when the 

 French armies entered Spain. In the mean time, 

 the insurrection in Aranjuez broke out, and prince 

 Ferdinand being placed on the throne, he imme- 

 diately called the duke about his person, and ap- 

 pointed him grand-master of the household and 

 member of bis privy-council. He arrived in Madrid 

 some days before the prince's departure for Bayonne, 

 and accompanied him in that journey. The duke 

 had several conferences with Napoleon on the sub- 

 ject of exchanging the crown of Spain for that of 

 Etruria, and invariably assured him that the prince 

 would not consent to any treaty without enjoying 

 his liberty and being sanctioned by the cortes. 

 The subsequent arrangements, however, which the 



prince was compelled to enter into, did not detach 

 the duke from his service: he remained with him 

 at Valencay, till, by the order of Napoleon, he was 

 called, with Escoiquiz, to Paris. Suspicions, how- 

 ever, being entertained of the duke and Escoiquiz's 

 influence over Ferdinand, they were separated from 

 that prince; the duke being confined at Lons-le- 

 Saulnier, and Escoiquiz at Bourges. The duke, in 

 his retirement, cultivated his taste for botany, but 

 above all for history, politics, and general literature. 

 When it was determined by Napoleon to reinstate 

 Ferdinand on the throne of his kingdom, he fixed 

 upon the duke of San Carlos as best suited, by his 

 counsels and knowledge of all parties in Spain, to 

 conciliate their regards. He was therefore called 

 to Paris in November, 1813, and afterwards went 

 to Valencay, where long discussions ensued, which 

 ended in the duke's setting out for Madrid, to ob- 

 tain the consent of the regency to the treaty. He 

 arrived January 16, 1814; but the arrangements 

 made in France were not approved by the regency. 

 In answer to applications for the return of the king 

 to Spain, the duke of Bassano at length consented 

 to the measure, and his majesty set out under the 

 name of count de Barcelona. The duke was the 

 only minister who accompanied the king. The 

 affairs of Spain were at that time under the direc- 

 tion of the regency ; and under these circumstances 

 it was deemed prudent to go to Saragossa. The 

 cortes, however, decided not to give up the reins 

 of government, and the king and the duke pro- 

 ceeded to Valencia in April. May 3, San Carlos 

 was appointed, by the king, first secretary of state ; 

 and the next day he signed the infamous decree 

 by which a despotism was established. General 

 Freyer, who had been nominated to the ministry of 

 war, declined the place, and the duke accepted it, 

 in conjunction with that of minister of the king's 

 household: the former office he shortly after re- 

 signed to general Eguia. The duke set about 

 introducing a system of economy into the kingdom ; 

 established a junta of ministers, over whom he pre- 

 sided ; took measures for repairing roads, increasing 

 the number of canals, reviving the credit of the 

 national bank; and instituting several academies 

 for the cultivation of the arts and sciences. Not- 

 withstanding these benefits, his enemies were 

 numerous; and, finding them increase in Novem- 

 ber, 1814, he demanded permission to resign, which 

 the king granted, and don Pedro Cevallos was ap- 

 pointed to succeed him. He was nominated minister 

 to Vienna, in the month of October, 1815; and in 

 1817 he was recalled and sent to the court of 

 Great Britain in the same quality. In consequence 

 of the troubles in Spain (182223), the duke re- 

 tired to the court of Lucca, by which he was sent 

 ambassador to Charles X., in 1825. He was sub- 

 sequently named ambassador extraordinary of Spain 

 to the same court, and continued in that station 

 till his death, July, 1828. 



SANCTION, PRAGMATIC; 



1. The ordinance of Charles VII. of France, 

 drawn up at Bourges, in 1438, conformably to the 

 decrees of the council of Basle, and on which rest 

 the liberties of the Gallican church 



2. The decree of the German diet, at Mayence, 

 in 1439, which sanctioned the same decrees of this 

 council. Both limited the power of the pope, but 

 were altered by subsequent concordates. 



3. The instrument by which the German em- 

 peror, Charles VI., being without male issue, en- 

 deavoured to secure the succession to his female 





