SAND SANDAL 



89 



descendants. He soon induced most of the mon- 

 archs of Europe to guarantee it ; but the elector 

 of Bavaria, Charles AUbert, the next heir to his 

 dominions, refused. This caused the Austrian war 

 of succession, after the death of Charles in 1740 

 In the peace of Fiissen, April 22, 1745, Bavaria 

 acknowledged the pragmatic sanction. 



4. Charles III. of Spain, when he ceded the 

 throne of Naples to his third son, and his posterity, 

 in 1759, called the law of succession, which he 

 prepared for this branch of his family, sanctio pray- 

 matica. 



SAND, CHARLES Louis, a student of theology, 

 who murdered Kotzebue, was born October 5, 

 1 795, "at Wunsiedel, in the Fichtelgebirge, where 

 his father held a judicial office. In 1812, Sand 

 was sent to the gymnasium of Ratisbon. In 1814, 

 he entered the university of Tubingen, and, in 

 1815, joined the Bavarian army as a volunteer 

 against the French ; but his corps was never brought 

 into action. After peace, he continued his studies 

 in Erlangen, where, in 1817, his most intimate 

 friend was drowned before his eyes, without his 

 being able to render him any assistance. In the 

 autumn of 1817, he went to the university of Jena, 

 where he was a member of the Burschenschaft (see 

 Universities'), but of no other secret or public 

 society. His whole soul was animated by that 

 love of country and liberty, which, ill denned, in- 

 deed, in some cases, was then the predominant 

 sentiment of all the noble-minded youth of Ger- 

 many. Their excitement was great, as, soon after 

 the peace, most of the German governments had 

 shown a decided reluctance to perform the promises 

 which they had made of improving the political 

 condition of their subjects. Besides this, the idea 

 of a union of the German states, so natural to 

 every German who reflects on the quarrels which 

 have torn to pieces his unhappy country, took pos- 

 session of the minds of the young, and especially 

 of the students : at least, in them it was manifested 

 more openly. The ideas of young men at a uni- 

 versity, on the mode of effecting such political 

 changes, must, of course, have been crude, igno- 

 rant as they were of life and of political affairs; 

 but their desires were ardent; hundreds burned to 

 do something towards obtaining these ends; and 

 many were ready to sacrifice even their lives in the 

 cause. These young men, we may be allowed to 

 say, were inspired with as true a love of country as 

 ever existed; but the men of mature age, who 

 ought to have regulated their ardour and guided 

 their efforts, were wanting to their duty, and 

 occupied themselves merely with speculations, in 

 which religion and politics were confusedly ming- 

 led, and which were founded on erroneous concep- 

 tions of ages gone by. At this time, some writers 

 attacked the prevailing excitement with severe ridi- 

 cule ; and, among these, Kotzebue distinguished 

 himself. In free governments, such ridicule would 

 have been little regarded ; but in this period of en- 

 thusiasm for liberty, kindled by political oppres- 

 sion, it was felt with bitterness. Kotzebue was 

 discovered to be acting at the instigation of the 

 Russian government, which, of course, added to 

 the exasperation. Sand looked upon Kotzebue as 

 an enemy of his country, and a criminal of the 

 blackest dye, whom the political condition of Ger- 

 many rendered it impossible to punish according to 

 the forms of law, and who was therefore to be re- 

 garded as at open warfare with the true lovers of 

 their country, who had a right to destroy him, aa i 



the only means left them for protecting their own 

 rights. Having come to this conclusion, he took 

 the deed upon himself, perfectly conscious, at the 

 same time, that he violated the rules of social 

 order, and willing to endure the punishment which 

 was to be expected for such a deed. He was not, 

 however, " made for murder," as he justly said of 

 himself, and could not easily resolve to act on his 

 own conclusions. He struggled for months against 

 his own convictions, and prayed for guidance: at 

 last he resolved that it was cowardly to defer what 

 he deemed an act of duty. On the afternoon of 

 March 9, 1819, he went to Kotzebue's residence in 

 Manheim, delivered a letter to him, and, while he 

 was reading it, pierced him with a dagger, exclaim- 

 ing, " Here, thou traitor to thy country." Having 

 given him two more blows, he went down stairs ; 

 handed a paper, inscribed "Death-blow to Augus- 

 tus von Kotzebue," to a servant ; went into the 

 street, knelt down, and having cried aloud, "Long 

 live my German fatherland!" pierced his own 

 breast, with the words, " I thank thee, O God, for 

 this victory." The attempt at his own destruction 

 is the only part of the transaction which he ever 

 regretted, and never tried to excuse. Kotzebue 

 died soon after. Sand was executed near Man- 

 heim, May 20, 1820, aged twenty-four years, after 

 having suffered much from the wounds which he 

 had given himself, and from an operation which had 

 been performed in consequence. He died with per- 

 fect calmness. The testimonies of his conduct at 

 all periods of his life, given by his teachers, parents 

 and friends, show that he was always strictly moral, 

 and modest, and of uncommon purity of life. His 

 character was mild and affectionate. He was a 

 good scholar, although not of a rapid or penetrat- 

 ing understanding. His feelings were stronger 

 than his reason. He was a warm and faithful 

 friend, and uncommonly attached to his parents and 

 brothers and sisters, so that his struggle, before he 

 could resolve to commit murder, was intense. 

 Sand's deed is a remarkable phenomenon in the 

 moral world. As the spirit for the regeneration of 

 Germany had manifested itself most strongly among 

 the students and in the newly established gymnasia, 

 on account of the many young men collected there, 

 the latter, in many German states, were closed; 

 and the governments, believing that Sand was 

 merely the instrument of a secret society, com- 

 menced active inquiries to discover these secret so- 

 cieties ; but they could not be found. It showed, 

 moreover, a very incorrect appreciation of Sand's 

 deed, to suppose that he was but the agent for 

 executing an order. A comparison between him 

 and other persons, whom history records as urged 

 by a mistaken sense of duty to commit murder, as 

 Ravaillac, Charlotte Corday, Staps, would be in- 

 teresting. See Vollstandige Uebersicht der gegen 

 Sand gefuhrten Untersuchung (Stuttgard, 1820) 

 the publication was not allowed until 1823; also 

 Actenauszuge aus dem Untersuchungsprocess uber K. 

 L. Sand (Altenburg and Leipsic, 1821), and Eight 

 more Contributions to the History or Aug. von 

 Kotzebue and C. L. Sand (Miihlhausen, 1821). 



SAND A; a small island of Scotland, in the 

 county of Argyle, and on the coast of Kintyre, 

 about a mile and a half long, and half a mile broad. 

 Paterson's Rock, a dangerous sunken reef, lies to 

 ;he south-east of Sanda. 



SANDAL ; a kind of covering for the feet, used 

 among the Greeks and Romans, and which we find 

 to be of the highest antiquity. 



