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SANDAL WOOD SANDSTONE. 



It consisted of a thick cork sole, covered above and 

 beneath with leather, and neatly stitched on the 

 edge. It left the upper part of the foot bare, and 

 was fastened on by means of straps, crossed over 

 and wound round the ankle. In later times, sandals 

 became articles of much luxury. The higher 

 Catholic clergy wear a costly embroidered sock, 

 which is called sandal. A. kind of vessel employed 

 in the Mediterranean sea for the purpose of unload- 

 ing large ships, is also called sandal. 



SANDAL WOOD (santalum album); a low 

 tree, much resembling the privet in its leaves and 

 flowers, but differing widely in its botanical char- 

 acters. The leaves are opposite, petiolate, smooth, 

 about two inches in length, oblong, and somewhat 

 obtuse at each extremity : the flowers are small. 

 This tree produces the white and yellow sandal 

 woods of commerce, which were formerly thought 

 to be obtained from different trees ; but in India, 

 as in a certain degree in all countries, most trees, 

 when large and old, become coloured towards the 

 centre; and this takes place in the sandal tree, the 

 centre of which, with age, acquires a yellow colour 

 as well as great fragrance and hardness. This is 

 the only part of the trunk that is used, being in 

 universal esteem for its fragrance. It is manufac- 

 tured into light articles of cabinet furniture ; and 

 no insect can exist, or iron rust (it is said) within 

 its influence. The dust of this wood is used by 

 the Brahmins to form the pigment with which they 

 give the tilac, or frontal mark, to the god Vishnu ; 

 and the oil used in their ceremonies is obtained 

 from the shavings, or at least scented by them. 

 The true sandal wood grows chiefly on the coast of 

 Malabar, and in the East Indian islands. 



SANDARACH; a gum resin, which oozes 

 spontaneously from the old trunks of the common 

 juniper (juniperus communis), and which is used in 

 considerable quantities in the preparation of varnish, 

 particularly of one kind, employed by cabinet makers 

 and painters, called vernix. In its powdered form, 

 it is known under the name of pounce. See Juniper. 



S ANDEMAN, ROBERT, in whom the sect called 

 Sandemanians originated, was born at Perth, in 

 Scotland, in 1723. He studied at Edinburgh, and 

 afterwards engaged in the linen trade. On marry- 

 ing the daughter of the reverend John Glass (foun- 

 der of the Glassites), he became an elder in his 

 congregation, and soon after published a series of 

 letters, in which he endeavours to show that a 

 justifying faith means nothing more than a simple 

 assent to the divine mission of Christ. This posi- 

 tion caused much controversy, and those who 

 adopted it were called Sandemanians, and formed 

 themselves into church order, in strict fellowship 

 with the churches in Scotland adhering to the 

 same principles. The chief opinions and practices 

 in which this sect differs rrorn others, are their 

 weekly administration of the Lord's suppiT. null- 



ing each other's u-i-i, &c. In 17G4, Mr Sandeinau 

 accepted an invitation to New England, where he 

 died in 1771. His sect still subsists in Great Bri- 

 tain. He was author of some other theological 

 tracts besides his Letters on Theron and Aspasio. 



SANDPIPER (trinya); a genus of shore-birds, 

 allied to the snipe, plover, curlew, and godwit, and 

 included by Linnaeus under the order yrallce. The 

 bill is as long as the head, or longer, straight or 

 slightly curved, rounded, slender, soft and flexible, 

 without a cutting edge, and enlarged and obtuse at 

 the extremity : it seems to perform many of the 

 offices of a probe, and enables these birds to si-arch 

 in the soft mud for insects, small shells, or worms, 

 which form their accustomed food. Their nostrils 

 are linear, and situated in a groove of the bill. 

 Their tongue is filiform and pointed. The legs are 

 destitute of feathers for some distance above the 

 knee, and the toes are short and incapable of grasp- 

 ing ; hence these birds do not perch, but frequent 

 the borders of ponds, rivers and marshes, especially 

 in the vicinity of the ocean, and are often seen 

 coursing rapidly along the strand, following the 

 flux and reflux of the waves. Their wings are long, 

 and their flight powerful. Some species prefer the 

 interior and the vicinity of fresh water, and others 

 almost exclusively inhabit the shores of the ocean. 

 They build their nests in the grass, and the young 

 at birth immediately follow their parents in search 

 of food. At the approach of winter, they all quit 

 the land of their birth, and migrate, in flocks more 

 or less numerous, to warmer climates. They moult 

 twice a year, and their winter plumage is very dif- 

 ferent from the summer. 



SANDRART, JOACHIM VON, a German painter 

 and engraver, chiefly esteemed in the latter capacity, 

 was born in 1606, at Frankfort, and died in 1088. 

 He wrote a work called the German Academy of 

 Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting (1675, seq.) 



SANDSTONE is in most cases composed chiefly 

 of grains of quartz united by a cement, which is never 

 very abundant, and often, indeed, is nearly or quite 

 invisible. These grains are sometimes scarcely dis- 

 tinguishable by the naked eye, and sometimes are 

 equal in size to a nut or an egg, as in those coarse 

 sandstones called conglomerate, and sometimes pud- 

 ding-stone or breccia. The cement is variable in 

 quantity, and may be calcareous or marly, argillace- 

 ous or argillo-ferruginous, or even siliceous. When 

 siliceous, the mineral often much resembles quartz. 

 The texture of some sandstones is very close, while 

 that of others is so loose and porous as to admit the 

 passage of water. Sometimes, indeed, this rock is 

 vesicular. Some varieties are so solid as to give 

 fire with steel, while others are friable, and may be 

 reduced to powder even by the fingers. Its fracture 

 is always granular or earthy, although it may be at 

 the same time conchoidal or splintery. Some sand- 

 stones have a slaty structure, arising from scattered 

 i and insulated plates of mica, and have been called 

 ; sandstone slate. Its most common colour is gray or 

 grayish-white, sometimes with a shade of yellow- 

 brown or green, and sometimes it is reddish or red- 

 dish-brown. In some cases, the colour is uniform, 

 in others, variegated. In addition to quartz, some 

 sandstones embrace grains of feldspar, flint and sili- 

 ceous slate or plates of mica. The mica is some- 

 times in considerable quantities in those friable 

 sandstones which accompany coal. Some sandstones 

 are so ferruginous as to form a valuable ore or iron, 

 containing either an oxide or the carbonate of iron. 

 Sandstone, although decidedly a secondary rock, 



