92 



ISLANDS SANGUINARIN A. 



1, except by traders from the United Stud 1 -, 

 who, having discovered ainoni; them the sandal j 

 wood, conveyed Urge quantities of it to China, 

 where it is burnt in the temples. The independence 

 of the Spanish colonies, and the prosecution of the j 

 whale-fishery on the coasts ot Japan, have greatly 

 increased their importance. 



The natives are, in general, rather above the 

 middle stature, well formed, with fine muscular 

 limbs, and OJH.MI countenances. Their hair is black 



or brown, and frequently curly; their complexion 

 a kind of olive, and sometimes reddish-brown. 

 Their language is a dialect of that spoken by the 

 inhabitants of the Society islands. They are of a 

 mild and gentle disposition, inquisitive and intelli- 

 gent; but previously to the abolition of their idola- 

 trous religion, the practice of sacrificing human 

 victims prevailed among them. Since their adop- 

 tion of Christianity, they have made a no less won- 

 derful progress in the arts of civilized life than in 

 moral character. They have many convenient and 

 handsome houses, neat and comfortable clothing, 

 &c. Stewart, who visited the islands in 1829, 

 after an absence of four or five years, gives a strik- 

 ing description of the change which had taken 

 place in that interval. After the visit of captain 

 Cook, who was killed at Hawaii in 1779, the 

 islands were involved in a series of destructive 

 wars between several rival chiefs, for the undivided 

 sovereignty. The result of these struggles was 

 the ascendancy of Tamehameha, chief of Hawaii, 

 a sagacious, enterprising, and ambitious prince. 

 He built a navy, armed his guard in the European 

 manner, fortified bis palace with cannon, encou- 

 raged commerce, and introduced various mechanical 

 arts among his subjects. On his death in 1819, he 

 was succeeded by his son Rihoriho ; and about the 

 same time idolatry was abolished and the idols 

 burnt. During the last year of his reign, Tauai 

 and Nihau, the only islands of the group not sub- 

 dued by Tamehameha, submitted to his government. 

 Rihoriho, with his queen, died in England in 1824, 

 and his brother and successor, Kauikcaouli, is a1 

 present (1837) about twenty-five years of age 

 The regency has been in the hands of the queen- 

 mother, Kaahumanu. In 1820, a mission was 

 established at Hawaii by the American Board o 

 Foreign Missions. The missionaries fortunately 

 arrived just after the abolition of the nationa 

 idolatry, and their efforts have been attended with 

 great success. Not only have they introduced th 

 arts, comforts and uages of civilized society to a 

 great extent, but the Christian religion has been 



embraced by nearly the whole population. Printing 

 presses have been established, books printed in the 

 native language, an alphabet of twelve letters (five 

 vowels and seven consonants) invented, t-'cliools 

 established, and churches built. The Missionary 

 Herald for January, 1832, states the whole number 

 of schools in the islands to be above 900, with 

 50,000 learners. Missions have been established 

 n Oahu, Hawaii, Maui, Taui; and in 1830, a band, 

 onsisting of seven persons (three missionaries), 

 and in 1831, another of nineteen persons (eight 

 missionaries and a printer), sailed for the same 

 lestination. See Ellis' Tour through Hawaii (3d 

 ed. 1827); lord Byron's Voyage to the Sandwich 

 r slands (1827); Stewart's Residence in the Sand- 

 vich Islands. 



SANDWICH LAND; a barren desert, and 

 rozen island in the South Atlantic ocean, dis- 

 overed by captain Cook in 1775; lat. 58 35' S.; 

 on. 26 44' W. Seals, whales, and other cetacea, 

 jenguins, and other sea-birds, are the only animals 

 xmnd here. 



SANDY HOOK; a small island on the coast of 

 New Jersey, in the township of Middleton, seven 

 miles south of Long Island, and twenty-five south of 

 New York. It was formerly a peninsula. Sandy 

 Hook, or Point, forms a capacious harbour. Here 

 is a light-house on the north point of the Hook, in 

 lat. 40 26' N,, Ion. 72 2' W. 



SANDYS, GEORGE; second son of the arch- 

 bishop of that name, was born in 1577. In 1589, 

 be was placed at Oxford. In 1610, he commenced 

 bis travels through the Levant and other parts of 

 the Turkish empire, returning home through Italy, 

 and staying some time at Rome. This journey 

 occupied him upwards of two years. On his return 

 to England, he published, in 1615, an account of 

 the countries through which he had passed. This 

 work was followed by several poetical productions, 

 the first of which, a translation of Ovid's Metamor- 

 phoses, originally printed in London in 1627, with 

 the first book of the JEneid annexed, is highly 

 spoken of by Dryden, who styles the author " the 

 best versifier of the last age." He also wrote a 

 Paraphrase on the Psalms, and upon the Hymns 

 dispersed through the Old and New Testament 

 (London, 1636; reprinted in folio, 1638), and some 

 other works. He died in 1643. 



SANGALLO, ANTONIO, an eminent Italian 

 architect of the sixteenth century, was born in the 

 environs of Florence, and was intended for the 

 business of a carpenter ; but, happily visiting Rome, 

 where he bad two uncles who were architects, he 

 was instructed by them in their art, his knowledge 

 of which he perfected under Bramante, whom he 

 succeeded, as architect of the church of St Peter. 

 He was much employed under the popes Leo X., 

 Clement VII., and Paul III., both in fortifying 

 places and in the construction of public buildings, 

 the grandeur and solidity of which have been much 

 admired. He died in 1546. 



SANGIAC (Turkish horsetail} signifies, in the 

 Turkish army, an officer who is allowed to bear 

 only one horsetail, the pachas having two or three. 

 The sangiac is also commonly the governor oi' a 

 smaller district of country than a pachalic, thence 

 called sangiacat, of which there are three or four in 

 each pachalic. See Turkey. 



SANGIACAT. See Sangiac and Turkey. 

 SANGRAAL, OR SANGREAL. See Round 

 Table, and Romance. 

 SANGUINARIN A; a vegetable alkali, dis- 



