CULOTTES SAPPAK K. 



originated from the GivA-nl' U.i.-triana." Francis 

 Bopp has published a Complete S\ -tein of the San- 

 crit Language (Berlin, I83S, 4toA A. Langlois, 

 also, in his Monuments litlcrairts tie I'lnde, ou Me- 

 langes de Littcrature Sunscrite, \c. , Pari.. 1827), 

 has presented a popular view of the Sanscrit litera- 

 ture. See also, Indian Languages, and Oriental 

 Literature. 



SANS-CULOTTES (i. e. without breeches) ; 

 the name given in derision to the popular party, by 

 the aristoeratieal, in the beginning of the French 

 revolution of 1789. Like the epithet gueux (q.v.) 

 bestowed on the patriot party in the Netherlands, 

 and like that of Methodists, bestowed on the friends 

 of Wesley, it was adopted by those to whom it was 

 first applied by way of contempt. At the time 

 when the most exaggerated principles of democracy 

 prevailed, sans-culottism became a term of honour. 

 In the French republican calendar, the jours com- 

 plementaires were at first called jours sans-culottides. 

 See Calendar. 



SAN SEBASTIANO, OR RIO JANEIRO. 

 See Rio Janeiro. 



SANS-SOUCI (French, without care} ; a palace 

 near Potsdam, where Frederic the Great was fond 

 of residing ; hence he is sometimes called the phi- 

 losopher of Sans-souci. 



SANTA CRUZ. See Cruz, Santa. 



SANTA FE ; capital of New Mexico ; a terri- 

 tory of the Mexican republic, in the northern part 

 of which it is situated, not far from the Rio del 

 Norte; lat. 36 12' N. ; Ion. 109 33' W. ; 1500 

 miles NN.W. of the city of Mexico. The popula- 

 tion is between 3000 and 4000. It is the centre of 

 a considerable overland trade between the northern 

 part of Mexico and the western states of North 

 America. See Mexico, New, and Texas. 



SANTA FE DE BOGOTA. See Bogota. 



SANTA FE DE GUANAXUATO. See Gua- 

 naxuato. 



SANTA HERMANDAD. See Hermandad. 



SANTA MARTHA. See Martha, Santa. 



SANTA MAURA. See Leucadia. 



SANTANDER, NEW. See Mexico. 



SANTANDER (S. Andero} ; a small province 

 of Spain (Zas montanas de Santander e de Burgos'), 

 on the southern coast of the bay of Biscay, consist- 

 ing of steep mountains and deep valleys. It is rich 

 in iron of the best quality, and there are cannon foun- 

 deries and manufactories of cast steel established in 

 the mountain villages La Cavada and Liergams. 

 The coast has some excellent harbours. The princi- 

 pal town, Santander ( 10,000 inhabitants), has a safe 

 and commodious and easily accessible harbour, and 

 was formerly one of the privileged ports ( puertos 

 habilitados') which were allowed a free trade with 

 South America. Its commerce with the north of 

 Europe, to which it exports much wool, is consider- 

 able. It is the see of a bishop. 



S ANTEE ; a river of South Carolina, formed by 

 the union of the Congaree and Wateree It flows 

 into the Atlantic by two mouths, twenty miles be- 

 low Georgetown. It affords good navigation, at 

 some seasons, nearly 300 miles, to Morgantown, in 

 North Carolina. It is connected with Cooper river 

 by a canal. The main branch in North Carolina is 

 called Catawba. 



SANTIAGO, the capital of Chile, is situated in 

 a pleasant plain on the Mapocho, thirty leagues 

 distant from the Pacific ocean, and seven from 

 the Andes, fifty-five miles south-east of Val- 

 paraiso; lat. 33 26' S. ; Ion. 70 44' W. The 



population of the city and environs is about 40,00(.. 

 Among the principal buildings are the mint, the ea- 

 bildo, government house, cathedral, and other 

 churches, and several convents. The private 1. 

 are mostly built of clay baked in the sun; the 

 churches and other principal buildings of brick or 

 stone. The streets are straight and regular, and 

 the city contains a number of handsome squares. 

 See Chile. 



SANTIAGO, OR ST JAGO. See Jago, St. 



SAP. See Botany. 



SAP GREEN. This pigment is prepared by 

 mixing the juice of the ripe berries of the buckthorn 

 (rhamnus catharticus} with alum. The juice of the 

 unripe berries has the colour of saffron, and is used 

 for staining maps or paper, and if the berries be ga- 

 thered late in the autumn, the juice is purple. The 

 buckthorn is a large shrub, with inconspicuous 

 greenish flowers, somewhat resembling the privet 

 when in fruit, which grows wild throughout Europe. 

 The bark affords a beautiful yellow dye. The ber- 

 ries are small, globular and black, and possess pur- 

 gative properties, but are chiefly employed in colour- 

 making, and sometimes in dyeing ; they enter into 

 commerce under the name of French berries. 



SAPPARE (cyanite; disthene ; rhatizite). The 

 primary form of this mineral is a doubly-oblique 

 prism, of which the terminations are nearly rl'< 

 The angles of the prism are 106 15' and 73 4.5 ; 

 of the terminal pane of the prism, in one direction 

 100 50' and 79" 10', and in the other 93 15 and 

 86 45'. It ordinarily occurs in four or eight sided 

 prisms of considerable length, and destitute of regu- 

 lar terminations. The cleavage is highly perfect, 

 parallel with the broader faces of the prism, but less 

 distinct in the direction of the narrower lateral face, 

 and that of the terminal plane. Lustre vitreous ; 

 colour generally some shade of blue, occasionally 

 very intense berlin-blue ; it is also green, gray, and 

 white ; streak white, transparent or translucent ; 

 hardness not inferior to that of feldspar ; on the 

 solid angles, equal to quartz ; specific gravity 3-6. 

 The massive varieties consist of large, broad, colum- 

 nar individuals ; sometimes straight lamellar, often 

 curved, variously aggregated ; having their faces of 

 composition, in most cases irregularly streaked. 

 Three varieties of the present species analyzed, the 

 first by Saussure, the second by Laugier, the third 

 by Klaproth, have yielded 



Alinnine, 54-50 55-50 55-50 



Silica, 30-62 38-50 43 00 



Lime, 2-02 0-50 mi 



Magnesia. 2-30 0-00 on 



Oxfde of iron, C-00 275 050 



Water, 4'56 0.75 O'OO 



Potash, 0-00 0-00 a trace. 



It is not altered on being exposed to heat, and is 

 infusible even in very high degrees of temperature. 

 It is entirely soluble in borax. Some crystals ex- 

 hibit positive, others negative electricity, on being 

 rubbed. It occurs in crystals, or massive, imbeded 

 in rocks of gneiss and mica slate, and is frequently 

 accompanied by staurotide. Crystals and large 

 cleavable varieties are found at St Gothard in Swit- 

 zerland, the Zillerthal in the Tyrol, the Sau Alps 

 in Carinthia, at Chesterfield in Massachusetts, and 

 Litchfield, Connecticut, in the United States. The 

 variety of a white colour in fine, interlacing prisms 

 called rhcetizite, comes only from Pfitsch in the Ty- 

 rol. Thin lamina; of sappare are sometimes em- 

 ployed as a support in blow-pipe experiments, with 

 minerals. Blue transparent varieties are cut and 

 polished, and then sometimes sold as an inferior kind 

 of sapphire. 



