116 



SCHAND.U- SCIIKMXITX. 



trade, all goods brought down (he river being landed 

 here. There is a wooden bridge here over the 

 Rhine, 120 pares long; but the ingenious hanging 

 bridge, which was built in 1738, was destroyed by 

 the French in 1799. 



SCHANDAU; a small town in the centre of 

 Saxon Switzerland, two leagues from the Bohemian 

 frontier, with 1000 inhabitants. It is much visited 

 in summer, on account of its charming situation, the 

 beautiful scenery in its neighbourhood, and its mi- 

 neral waters. 



SCHARNHORST, GEBHARD DAVID VON; born 

 in 1756, at H'a'melsee, in Hanover. His father, in 

 consequence of being embroiled in a lawsuit, was 

 deprived of the means of giving him a good educa- 

 tion ; and young Scharnhorst was sent to a village 

 school, where he remained till his fifteenth year. 

 A few works on the seven years' war, and the Aus- 

 trian war of succession, and more particularly the 

 narratives of an invalid soldier, inspired him with a 

 passion for the military life. To be at some future 

 period a Serjeant in command of an outpost, was at 

 this time his ideal of felicity. At length his father 

 gained his protracted suit, and with it an estate ; 

 and young Scharnhorst was received into the mili- 

 tary school of count William of Schaumburg-Lippe- 

 Biiekeburg. He subsequently entered the Hanove- 

 rian service, and soon distinguished himself by 

 several excellent military works. In 1780, he was 

 appointed teacher in the military school at Hanover. 

 In 1793, he was made captain of horse artillery. In 

 1794, he distinguished himself so much under gene- 

 ral Hammerstein, that George III. gave him a 

 sword of honour, and made him major. The duke 

 of Brunswick recommended him to the king of 

 Prussia, who appointed him lieutenant-colonel. 

 In 1804 he was made colonel; in 1807, major gene- 

 ral; and, in 1813, lieutenant-general. In the unfor- 

 tunate battle of Auerstadt he was wounded twice ; 

 yet he took part in the battle of Eylau. After the 

 peace of Tilsit, he was appointed president of the 

 committee for the re-organization of the army, and 

 here displayed great talents, giving the whole army 

 a totally new constitution and spirit. He was 

 equally practical and scientific. He infused into 

 the army a truly national feeling. When Prussia 

 rose en masse, in 1813, it was chiefly Scharnhorst 

 who contrived, by means of the corps of volunteers, 

 and the landwehr (q.v.) as well as by having previ- 

 ously disciplined many more men than the peace of 

 Tilsit authorised Prussia to keep in actual service, 

 to arm all persons capable of doing military duty. In 

 the spring of 1813, he was chief of the staff in the 

 army under Bliicher, in Saxony. In the battle of 

 Liitzen, his leg was severely wounded ; and, not 

 allowing himself necessary rest, but setting out too 

 soon for Vienna, to gain over the emperor of Aus- 

 tria to the cause of the allies, he died, June 28, 

 1813, at Prague. His statue stands in the King's 

 square, in Berlin. 



SCHADENBURG, OR SCHAUMBURG-LIP- 

 PE. See Lippe. 



SCHEELE, CHARLES WILLIAM, a celebrated 

 chemist, who contributed greatly to the improve- 

 ment of the science which he cultivated, was born 

 at Stralsund, in Sweden, in 1742, and was ap- 

 prenticed to an apothecary at Gottenburg. He be- 

 ...">* his own instructor in chemistry, went to Up- 

 sal in 1773, where his abilities introduced him to 

 the notice of professor Bergmann, and was admit- 

 ted an associate of the academy. He subsequently 

 became director of a pharmaceutical establishment 



at Kioping, where he continued till the close of his 

 life, in 1786. He discovered the fluoric acid, and 

 the acids of tungsten and molybden ; and his expe- 

 riments on barytes, chlorine, various animal and ve- 

 getable acids, on the composition of water, and 

 several other subjects, are in the highest degree 

 important. 



SCHEEREN; the rocks on the coast of Sweden 

 and Finland, particularly those situated before 

 Stockholm, which extend from seventy to eighty 

 miles into the sea. The Scheeren fleet protects the 

 entrance into the harbour, and consists of flat ves- 

 sels, able to sail in shallow water. 



SCHEERERITE ; a newly discovered mineral 

 species, of a combustible nature, found in a bed of 

 brown coal near St Gall, in Switzerland. It ex- 

 ists in loosely aggregated, whitish, feebly-shining, 

 pearly, crystalline grains and folia. It is rather 

 heavier than water, does not feel greasy, is very 

 friable, and destitute of taste. It melts at 36 R. 

 into a colourless liquid, in which state it resembles 

 a fat oil. It seems to be a mineral naphthaline. 

 SCHEIK See Sheik. 



SCHELDT, OR SCHELDE (anciently Scaldis, 

 French Escauf) ; a river which rises in the French 

 department of the Aisne, becomes navigable at 

 Conde, and enters the kingdom of Belgium at St 

 Antring. At Ghent it receives the Lys ; -and it 

 is further increased by two great canals which form 

 a communication between Ghent, Bruges, and Sas. 

 After passing by Dendermonde, where it receives 

 the Dender, Aupelmonde, where the Aupel, formed 

 by the junction of the Dyle and the two Nethes, 

 empties into it, and Antwerp, where it is 1600 feet 

 wide, it divides, eighteen miles below the latter 

 city, into two great branches, the East and West 

 Scheldt. The latter takes the name of Hondt, and 

 empties into the North sea at Flushing. Both arms 

 are connected with the Meuse and Rhine. The 

 principal places on the Scheldt are Cambray, Va- 

 lenciennes, Conde, Tournay, Oudenarde, Ghent, 

 Dendermonde, Antwerp, and Flushing. In 1784, 

 the navigation of the Scheldt became a subject of 

 dispute between Austria (then in possession of Bel- 

 gium) and the Dutch republic. The subject was 

 amicably settled by the mediation of the king of 

 France, Austria renouncing her pretensions to the 

 free navigation of the river, in consideration of some 

 cessions, and the payment of a sum of money by 

 Holland. See Netherlands. 



SCHEMNITZ (Hungarian, Selmecz-Banya ; 

 Sclavonic, Stjaumitza) ; a royal free city of Hun- 

 gary, in the county of Honth, eighty miles east of 

 Presburg; Ion. 18 54' E.; lat, 48" 48' N. ; popu- 

 lation, with the suburbs, 20,211. It stands in the 

 midst of the most picturesque scenery, a few miles 

 from the Raab, and contains some good houses, and 

 tolerably wide streets, though irregularly built, on 

 account of the unevenness of the surface. The 

 mines of Schemnitz are the most extensive in Hun- 

 gary, and are hardly surpassed by any in Europe. 

 In eighteen mines, 8000 workmen are employed. 

 The yearly value of the products is nearly one mil- 

 lion dollars. The chief metals are gold, silver, and 

 lead, combined with copper and arsenic. The whole 

 of the mining works are the property of the govern- 

 ment. The extent of ground containing the ores is 

 about six miles square, and includes the town, most 

 of which is undermined. Schemnitz has a castle, 

 one Lutheran, and four Catholic churches, a Luthe- 

 ran gymnasium, and a mining academy, which has 

 a director, five professors, and about 150 students. 



