122 



SCHLEiSSHEIM SCHOLASTICS. 



Schleiermacher did much for the intellectual and 

 religious advancement of his countrymen. His 

 death took place at Berlin, Feb. 12, 1834. 



SCHLEISSHEIM; a royal palace three leagues 

 from Munich. It has a magnificent gullery, in 

 which above 2000 pictures are arranged, according 

 to the schools to which they belong. 



SOHMALKALDIC LEAGUE. See Smalcal- 

 dic Leaque. 



SCHMIDT, MICHAEL IGNATIUS, a German his- 

 torian, was born in 1736, at Arnstein, in Wiirzburg. 

 He studied theology in the Catholic seminary at 

 Wiirzburg, and became a priest. During the seven 

 years' war, he went to Suabia, received a benefice, 

 and, in 1771, was made librarian of the university 

 at Wiirzburg. He received by degrees higher ap- 

 pointments in that sovereign bishopric, did much 

 for education, and, in 1778, began the publication 

 of his German History, to which he devoted the 

 remainder of his life. The empress of Austria 

 was anxious to have him in her service, and caused 

 him to be appointed superintendent of the Archives. 

 Joseph II. made him teacher of history to his 

 nephew, the late emperor, Francis I. After a re- 

 sidence of fourteen years at Vienna, he died there 

 in 1794. Si'hmidt was the first who wrote a pro- 

 per history of the German nation : his predecessors 

 only gave the history of the emperors, of the em- 

 pire, or the estates. His chief aim was to show 

 how the Germans became what they are ; and he 

 executed his plan with taste, judgment, and a phi- 

 losophical spirit. His erudition was great. In the 

 account of the reformation, he is not always im- 

 partial or faithful. His style is not to be imitated. 

 This extensive work was published at Ulm, and 

 later at Vienna. Joseph Milbiller continued 

 Schmidt's history from his papers. The Vienna edi- 

 tion of the early history is in eight volumes : of 

 the modern history, in seventeen. Dresch's His- 

 tory of Germany since the Confederation of the 

 Rhine, is a continuation of the work of Schmidt 

 and Milbiller, forming vols. 18, 19, and 20. 



SCHNEEBERG; a town in the Erzgebirge, 

 kingdom of Saxony, with 4800 inhabitants. There 

 are important mines of silver and cobalt in the 

 neighbourhood. The inhabitants manufacture lace 

 and similar articles in large quantities. 



SCHNEEKOPF. See Schneekoppe. 



SCHNEEKOPPE (snow-summit) ; the highest 

 elevation of the Riesengebirge (q. v.), 4950 feet 

 above the level of the sea. It is not to be con- 

 founded with Schneekopf (snow-head), the highest 

 summit of the Thuringian forest, which rises 2886 

 feet, or, according to some, 2975 feet above the sea. 



SCHNEIDER, JOHN GOTTLOB. This celebrated 

 philologist, born at Kolm, in 1752, studied under 

 Ernesti, at Leipsic, where a wealthy relation in 

 Dresden supported him. His first publication was 

 Observations on Anacreon, in 1770. Soon after, 

 he went to Gottingen, and gained the favour of 

 Heyne, who recommended him to Brunck, whom 

 he accompanied to Strasburg, to assist him in the 

 publication of his Analecta. He lived in this place 

 three years, and then received an invitation to the 

 'iniversity of Frankfort on the Oder, and there, 

 with Brunck, published Oppian. For thirty-four 

 years Schneider was professor of ancient languages 

 there, and published a great number of critical edi- 

 tions of the ancient classics. He applied himself 

 especially to those works of antiquity which re- 

 lated to natural science, as ^Elian's' History of 

 Beasts, and Meander's two didactic poems on medi- 



cine, with the Greek Scholia, and the Periphrasis 

 of Eutecnius. His Historia AmphibUirum, of which 

 the first two volumes appeared in 1779, from un- 

 favourable circumstances, was not completed. He 

 paid much attention to ichthyology. After thirty 

 years of labour, he published the nine remaining 

 books of Aristotle, containing the History of BraM * 

 (Leipsic, 1811, 4 vols.); also the physical and me- 

 teorological works of Epicurus, the Analezta, re- 

 lating to the metallurgy of the ancients, the JScloace 

 PhijsiccE, &c. His excellent Greek Lexicon, 

 which has passed through three editions, is the 

 basis of that of Passow, and of the English-Greek 

 Lexicon of Donnegan, (London, 1831). It has 

 contributed not a little to give a new impulse to 

 the study of the Greek language in Germany. He 

 has also edited the political works of Aristotle; 

 the works of Xenophon, ^Esop, the Pseudo-Orpheus, 

 the Scriptores Rei Rustics, Vitruvius, Theo- 

 phrastus, and other writers. When the university 

 was removed, in 1811, from Frankfort on the Oder 

 to Breslau, Schneider went thither, and was made 

 chief librarian, in addition to his other office.. He 

 died there, January 12, 1822. 



SCHNEIDER, EULOGIUS; a German priest, 

 vicar to the constitutional bishop of Strasburg, and 

 afterwards public accuser before the criminal tri- 

 bunal of the Lower Rhine, one of the most perni- 

 cious agents of Robespierre and his confederates. 

 Armed with the authority of St Just and Lebas, 

 commissioners from the convention at Strasburg, 

 Schneider proceeded through the department with 

 a body of troops, and followed by the guillotine, on 

 which he immolated citizens of every rank, sex and 

 age, where interest or revenge furnished the slight- 

 est motive for their execution. Schneider was 

 about to set on foot noyades at Strasburg, similar 

 to those of Nantes, when he was cut short in his 

 career. St Just and Lebas, displeased, not by his 

 crimes, but by his arrogance, had him arrested, De- 

 cember 20, 1793. and conveyed to Paris, where he 

 was condemned by the revolutionary tribunal, and 

 guillotined, at the age of thirty-seven. 



SCHNEPFENTHAL ; an institution for educa- 

 tion, established by Salzmann, not far from Gotha, at 

 the foot of the Thuringian forest, half a. league 

 from the town of Waltershausen. See Salzmann. 



SCHOEN, MARTIN, one of the earliest and 

 most distinguished German painters, likewise a 

 goldsmith and engraver, was born at Colmbach, 

 and died, in 1486, at Colmar. The Italians called 

 him Buon Martina, or Martina d'Anversa. One 

 hundred and twenty-one of his paintings, chiefly on 

 scriptural subjects, are known to be still in exis- 

 tence. Schoen was remarkable for richness of in- 

 vention, and for the life of his figures. 



SCHOLASTICS. This name was given to teach- 

 ers of rhetoric among the Romans. In the middle ages, 

 a class of philosophers arose under the name of scho- 

 lastics, or schoolmen, who taught a peculiar kind ot 

 philosophy, which consisted in applying the ancient 

 dialectics to theology, and intimately uniting both . 

 The character of this philosophy varied at different 

 periods, and historians are not agreed as to its ori- 

 gin. Those who regard particularly its theological 

 character make Augustine its founder ; others con- 

 sider it as having commenced in the monophysite 

 disputes of the fifth and sixth centuries. John 

 Scotus Erigena in the ninth century, is commonly 

 called the first scholastic, without making him, 

 however, the proper founder of that philosophy. 

 He was the great philosopher of his age, and his 



