132 



SCHORL SCHWARTZ. 



rounding country; and afterwards at Rome, among 

 the works of Raphael, Michael Angolo, mid Giulio, 

 till Adrian VI., a native of Utrecht, ascended the 

 papal chair, in lj>, and committed to him the 

 superintcndcmv of the Belvedere. The death of 

 Adrian, the following year, induced Schoreel to 

 return home through France and Amsterdam. He 

 now executed many splendid pieces, in Utrecht, 

 afterwards in Harlem, and, from time to time, in 

 other cities in the Netherlands. He died at Utrecht, 

 December 6, 1562. He has been compared with 

 John van Eyck, whom he equalled in splendour 

 and truth of colouring, in expression, in warmth of 

 representation; and, at the most, was inferior to 

 him only in the execution of particular parts. Un- 

 happily, the rage of the fanatics, in a subsequent 

 age. for destroying pictures, was fatal to many of 

 nis most valuable works. 



SCHORL. See Tourmaline. 

 SCHORLITE. See Topaz. 

 SCHREVELIUS, CORNELIUS, a learned critic, 

 was born at Harlem, about 1614. His father was 

 rector of the school of Leyden, in which office he 

 was succeeded by Cornelius, in 1642. The latter 

 had taken his degree in medicine ; but on his pro- 

 motion to the school, he turned his attention ex- 

 clusively to classical pursuits, in the course of 

 which he published several Variorum editions of 

 the classics, which display more industry than taste 

 or judgment. His name is now principally known 

 by a Manual Greek and Latin Dictionary (1645), 

 which has been often reprinted, in most countries 

 of Europe. An edition, with great improvements, 

 by Fleury-Lecluse, appeared at Paris in 1820; and 

 it has been translated into English, with very exten- 

 sive additions and improvements, by John Pick- 

 ering (Boston, 3d edition, 1832). He died in 

 1667. 



SCHUBART, CHRISTIAN FREDERIC DANIEL, a 

 German poet of much natural talent, but of a 

 defective education, and an irregular life, was born 

 in 1739, at Obersontheim, in Suabia. He began 

 the study of theology at Jena, in 1758; but his 

 dissipation involved him in debt. For some time 

 he supported himself by preaching; but music, for 

 which he had much talent, drew him away from 

 theology. In 1764, he married; but the union 

 was an unfortunate one for his wife. In 1768, he 

 became director of music at Ludwigsburg, near 

 Stuttgard, but gave himself up, more and more, to 

 dissipation, so that he was imprisoned for some 

 time, and exiled from Wiirtemberg. He now lived 

 an unsettled life, undertook various employments, 

 which he was always obliged to resign on account 

 of his bad life, his attacks upon the clergy, &c. 

 His Chronicle became a popular journal. But, in 

 1777, he was seduced into the Wurtemberg terri- 

 tory, and arrested on account of some things which 

 he had written. He remained ten years in prison 

 at Hohenasperg, was liberated at the request of 

 Mad. Karschin, and made director of the music of 

 the ducal theatre at Stuttgaid. He began several 

 works, but, before they were completed, he died, 

 in 1791. His poems, which contain much inflated 

 and unpolished matter, interspersed, however, 

 with many flashes of genius, were published at 

 Frankfort on the Maine, in 1787, 2 vols. ; another 

 edition in 3 vols., 12mo., at the same place, with 

 a life of him; and several other pieces in prose. 

 His Miscellaneous Works (Zurich, 1812, 2 vols.), 

 were published by his son. 



SCHULTENS, ALBERT, a celebrated Orienta- 



li--t, Imrn at Groningen, in 1G86, studied theology 

 and Arabic at that place, at Leyden and Utrecht, 

 became a preacher in 17 1 1; professor of the Oriental 

 languages in 1713, and in 1717, university preacher 

 at Franeker. His chief works, Oriyines Hebrace, 

 and Instilutiones ad Fundamenta Linguae Hebraicce 

 (1737), had an important influence on the study of 



i the eastern languages. His son John Jacob (1716 



1778) was the author of several learned disserta- 

 tions and treatises. Henry Albert, son of the 

 latter, born at Herborn, in 1749, was educated at 

 Leyden, where he studied Arabic and Hebrew, and 

 afterwards became a commoner in Wadham college, 

 Oxford, and received the degree of master of aris 

 there. On his return to Holland, he was chosen 

 professor of the Oriental languages at Amsterdam, 

 where he resided until the death of his father, 

 whom he afterwards succeeded at Leyden. He 

 died in 1793. Besides his Arabian Anthology 

 (1772), he published an edition of Pilpay's Fables, 

 and a supplement to the Bibliotheque Orientals of 

 D'Herbelot. 



SCHUMLA. See Choumla. 



SCHUYLKILL, a river of Pennsylvania, which 

 rises in Lucerne county, runs south-east, and unites 

 with the Delaware, six miles below Philadelphia. 

 It is 140 miles long, and navigable for boats ninety 

 miles. The Tulpehocken, a navigable stream, 

 flows into the Schuylkill a little above the town of 

 Reading. There are falls on the river five miles 

 above Philadelphia, and others near Norristown. 

 A part of the valuable coal called anthracite, which 

 is now so much used in Philadelphia, and exported 

 thence to all the northern cities, is obtained from 

 mines situated on the Schuylkill. 



SCHWAB ACH, ARTICLES OF ; a confession 

 of faith, drawn up by Luther, for the princes and 

 cities assembled, in October, 1529, at Schwabach. 

 The cities of South Germany, inclining to the 

 Swiss doctrine, refused to subscribe the above 

 articles, on account of the doctrine of the presence 

 of Christ in the eucharist, which is strongly expres- 

 sed in them by Luther. These articles, adopted 

 by the Smalcaldic league, became thus a chief ob- 

 stacle to a union between the party of Luther and 

 Zuinglius. 



SCHWABENSPIEGEL (i. e. Mirror of the 

 Suabians); a collection of legal precepts and customs 

 in Upper Germany, made probably between 1268 

 and 1282, by an unknown monk. It does not exist 

 in its original form, as it was changed in many 

 countries. It never acquired the same authority 

 as the Sachsenspiegel. It went out of use in the 

 fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is best printed 

 in Senkenberg's Corp. Jur. Germ. 



SCHWARTZ, BERTHOLD, born in the first half 

 of the fourteenth century, was a Franciscan friar of 

 Friburg, or, according to some, a monk of Cologne, 

 and has been regarded as the inventor of gunpowder 

 and fire-arms. He is said to have been mixing to- 

 gether the ingredients of gunpowder, viz. nitre, 

 sulphur and charcoal, in an iron mortar, in the 

 prosecution of some alchemical researches, when 

 the composition exploded, from an accidental spark 

 occasioned by the collision of the pestle and mortar. 

 The former being driven forcibly to a distance, 

 Berthold thence conceived the idea^of forming 

 pieces of artillery. Such is the story commonly 

 told of the invention of gunpowder, said to have 

 occurred in the early part of the fourteenth century. 

 There is, however, much discrepancy in the ac- 

 counts of this discovery; and it is certain that 



