SCOTLAND (HISTORY). 



151 



the Union began to be universally felt. The for- 

 feited estates, instead of being sold as formerly, 

 were appropriated to objects of national improve- 

 ment ; and industry was promoted by every en- 

 couragement which bounties can confer. The pro- 

 gress of industry and trade now became great. New 

 manufactures were introduced with success, and 

 the rapid cultivation of the country redoubled the 

 produce and the v;iliie of the soil. Before the 

 commencement of the American war, the merchants 

 of Glasgow had engrossed the chief trade in tobacco 

 for exportation. The interruption of trade during 

 that disastrous war, directed their capital, and the 

 national industry, to the improvement of domestic 

 arts, and from the perfection of modern machinery, 

 the cotton manufacture, a recent acquisition, in all 

 its branches so prodigiously increased, already 

 rivals and supplants the production of the ancient 

 looms of Indostan. Undoubtedly much is to be 

 ascribed to the spirit and progressive state of the 

 nation ; but without the Union, its unavailing efforts 

 would have still been uncountenanced by the com- 

 mercial jealousy and depressed by the influence of 

 the English government. See the articles Britain 

 and England. 



Ecclesiastical History. Christianity was intro- 

 duced into Scotland as early as the fifth century; 

 and like other parts of Western Europe, this coun- 

 try became subject to the authority of the Holy 

 See, and the church was governed by a priesthood, 

 distributed into various ranks. The monastic and 

 mendicant orders here flourished, especially under 

 the patronage of David I., whose great liberality to 

 the church occasioned one of his successors to ob- 

 serve, on his being called St. David, that he was 

 "ane sair saint for the crown." All the churches 

 in Scotland previous to the Reformation belonged 

 either to regulars or seculars. The regulars fol- 

 lowed St Augustine, bishop of Hippo, St Bennet, 

 &c. ; and were either canons, monks, or friars. The 

 seculars followed rules dictated by their own chap- 

 ter, and lived in separate cloisters, or in private 

 houses near their own churches ; and were governed 

 by a dean, or provost. Those that followed St 

 Augustine were the regular canons of St Augus- 

 tine, the Praemonstratenses, the Red Friars, 

 the Dominicans or Black Friars, the Lazzarettos, 

 and the canons of St Anthony. St Bennett's 

 followers were the Benedictine monks of Marmon- 

 tier, of Clugny, of Tyron, the Cistertians, or Ber- 

 nardines, and the Vallis Caulian monks, so called 

 from Vallis Caulium, in the diocese of Langres, in 

 France, the Carmelites, or White Friars, the 

 Franciscans, and the Carthusians. All these were 

 subdivided into rented religious and mendicant or 

 begging friars. Under the first denomination, were 

 canons regular, and the Benedictine, Cistertian, 

 Carthusian, Vallis Caulian monks, and Red Friars. 

 Under the second were the Black, Gray, and White 

 Friars. At this time also more than half the wealth 

 of the nation was possessed by the Popish clergy, 

 and the greater part of this was in the hands of a 

 few who ruled the rest. Bishops and abbots rival- 

 led the first nobles in magnificence, and preceded 

 them in honour: they were privy councillors, and 

 lords of session, as well as of parliament ; and the 

 principal offices of the state, for a long time, were 

 wholly engrossed by them. The inferior benefices 

 were openly put to sale, or bestowed on the minions 

 of bishops. Benefices given in commendam were 

 kept vacant during the commendator's life, some- 

 times during several lives, to the deprivation of ex- 



tensive parishes of all provision of religious service. 

 Besides the regular and secular clergy, there were 

 nuns of St Austin, St Clare, St Scnolastica, and 

 St Catherine of Sienna, and canonesses of various 

 orders, whose general ignorance was as great aa 

 their morals were gross. Though the papal see 

 had not the power of presenting to the Scottish 

 prelacies, it never wanted numerous pretexts for 

 interfering with them. The most important civil 

 causes, which they had contrived to bring within 

 the pale of their ecelesiastical jurisdiction, were 

 carried to Rome; whither also, money in large 

 quantities was sent for the purchasing of palls, the 

 confirmation of benefices, and the conducting of ap- 

 peals, &c. In 1528, the desire of reformation which 

 agitated other parts of Europe, made its appearance 

 in Scotland. The doctrines of Luther. were rapidly 

 and widely diffused throughout Scotland, notwith- 

 standing the opposition of the clergy. At last a 

 more systematic persecution was resorted to, and 

 the first martyr whose blood flowed in the cause of 

 the Reformation in Scotland was Patrick Hamilton, 

 abbot of Fearn, who had imbibed the new tenets 

 during his travels on the continent from the con- 

 versation of Luther and Melanchthon, and had begun 

 to propagate them on his return to his native land 

 with great success. In 1538, Forest, a Benedictine 

 friar, and a disciple of Hamilton, was condemned 

 to the stake for vindicating the tenets of his master ; 

 and in the following year the friars Keiller and 

 Beveridge, Sir Duncan Simpson, Forrester, and 

 Forrest, vicar of Dollar, were condemned as heretics 

 by a convocation of bishops assembled in Edinburgh, 

 and burnt together in the same fire on the Castle- 

 hill. Such violent proceedings alarming the Pro- 

 testants, many of them saved themselves by volunt- 

 ary exile ; but others boldly remained behind and 

 became the apostles of the new doctrines to their 

 countrymen. 



The Reformation in Scotland commenced in the 

 reign of James V., and made considerable progress 

 under that of his daughter, though both of them 

 were Catholics; it was completed by the abilities 

 and fervent zeal of John Knox, and other Protest- 

 ant preachers, who had adopted the doctrines of 

 Calvin, established at Geneva. In 1560, the Roman 

 Catholic religion was abolished, and the Reforma- 

 tion was sanctioned by act of Parliament. Until a 

 regular form of church-government was settled, a 

 few superintendents were appointed, who were ac- 

 countable to the general assembly. As soon as 

 presbyteries were erected, the office of superintend- 

 ent ceased. General assemblies began in 1560, 

 and continued to meet twice every year, for the 

 space of twenty years ; after which they were an- 

 nual. From 1572 to 1592, a sort of Episcopacy 

 obtained in the church, while the ecclesiastical form 

 of government was Presbyterian. Meantime, the 

 dignitaries of the church and the nobility monopo- 

 lized the revenues of the church, and left the re- 

 formed clergy in a state of indigence. After much 

 deliberation, the Protestant leaders resolved to 

 provide a state-maintenance for their teachers, and 

 the following plan was adopted. Two-thirds of all 

 ecclesiastical benefices were reserved to the present 

 possessor, and to the crown the remainder was an- 

 nexed, out of which a competent subsistence was 

 to be assigned to the Protestant clergy. But the 

 revenue thus appropriated, instead of being duly 

 j applied, was diverted into other channels. In 1587, 

 ! all the unalienated church-lands were annexed to 

 1 the crown; and the tithes alone were reserved fot 



