SCULPTURE. 



173 



beautiful tomb of the duke of Montmorency, in the 

 church of St Mary at Moulins, and his brother 

 Michael, the statues and reliefs of the Porte St 

 Denis. Theodon made the beautiful statue of St 

 John in the Lateran, and the two Groups in 

 the garden of the Tuileries, Atlas transformed 

 into a rock, and Phaetusa changed into a pop- 

 lar tree. He died in 1(580. Lerambert made seve- 

 ral groups for Versailles. Puget, born at Mar- 

 seilles, in 1622, was a painter, architect and sculp- 

 tor. If he had more carefully studied the an- 

 tique models, he would have surpassed all modern 

 sculptors. His style was bold and powerful. His 

 most celebrated works are his two colossal Termini, 

 in the city hall of Toulon, his statue of Milo in the 

 park of Versailles, and his Dying Gladiator. The 

 brothers Marsy, born in 1624 and 1628, at Cambray, 

 made the statues of Bacchus and of Latona in 

 bronze, at Versailles, and the famous Group of 

 Horses at the bath of Apollo, in the same place. 

 Francois Girardon, born at Troyes, in 1630, was 

 the most celebrated sculptor of the age of Louis 

 XIV. His equestrian statue of this king, twenty- 

 one feet high, which stood formerly on the royal 

 Place Vendome, was the first work of modern 

 times, which was cast in a single piece. Most of 

 the works of Girardon are formed after designs by 

 Le Brim, and adorn the park of Versailles. Pierre 

 le Gros, born at Paris, 1656, lived almost all his 

 life in Rome, and is one of the best French artists. 

 His most celebrated works are, a Roman Maid in 

 the garden of the Tuileries, St Dominic in the 

 church of St Peter's, the Group of St Ignatius, and 

 St Theresa in the church of the Carmelites at Turin. 

 He died in 1790, deeply mortified by the neglect 

 of the academicians at Paris. Nicolas Coustoti, 

 born at Lyons, in 1658, had much taste and ease, 

 but entirely a French manner. His brother Guil- 

 laume surpassed him, and finished, in bass-relief, 

 the Passage of the Rhine, which the former had 

 commenced. Edme Bouchardon's style was soft 

 rather than elevated, more regular than bold. 

 Lambert Adam, born at Nancy, in 1700, made the 

 two statues, the Seine and Marne, eighteen feet 

 high, at St Cloud, and the Group of Neptune and 

 Amphitrite at Versailles. His style is rude and 

 wild. Lemoyne distinguished himself by his por- 

 traits : he was animated, but incorrect. Rene 

 Slodz, born at Paris, in 1705, worked in a simple 

 style of grandeur : few understood drapery better 

 than he, yet his figures are not always correct. 

 Baptiste Pigalle, born at Paris, 1714, owed his 

 success entirely to his great industry. His Mercury 

 and Venus are celebrated : the king of Prussia 

 purchased them both. The celebrated tomb of 

 marshal Saxe at Strasburg is his work. A Boy 

 with a Cage, from which the bird had escaped, by 

 its truth and expression, gained him universal ap- 

 probation. He died in 1785. Etienne Falconnet 

 was invited to Petersburg, to make an equestrian 

 statue of Peter the Great, in bronze. Mademoiselle 

 Collot made the model of the head. 



3. German Sculptors Long before Albert 



Diirer's time, some excellent sculptors flourished in 

 the south of Germany, whose industry and excel- 

 .ence are proved by their works, which adorn the 

 churches, city halls and fountains of Nuremberg 

 and other places. We even find marks of still more 

 ancient sculpture, in the numberless equestrian 

 figures and images of saints, which, in all the min- 

 sters, and particularly in that at Cologne, cover 

 even the smallest turrets. The names of these 



masters are unknown ; the first probably came from 

 Byzantium. Albert Diirer, whose genius embraced 

 various departments of the fine arts, produced ex- 

 cellent works of sculpture, large and small, compre- 

 hending insulated figures, and figures in relief in 

 wood and stone. Leonard Kern, born at Forchten- 

 berg, in 1580, studied in Italy, and worked with 

 much success in wood, stone and ivory. Gottfried 

 Leygebe, born at Freistadt, in Silesia, 1630, died 

 at Berlin, 1683, was the first who formed small 

 equestrian figures, of cast iron. He represented the 

 emperor Leopold I., at Copenhagen, Charles II. of 

 England, as St George, at Dresden, and the elector 

 Frederic William, as Bellerophon, at Berlin. 

 Rauchmiiller worked on the column of the holy 

 Trinity at Vienna, which was finished 1693. An- 

 dreas von Schliiter, born at Hamburg, 1662, studied 

 in Italy, chiefly the works of Buonarotti, and was 

 invited to Berlin, where he adorned the arsenal and 

 formed the model of the excellent equestrian statue 

 of the elector Frederic William, which was cast, 

 1700, by John Jacobi. Balthasar Permoser, born 

 in 1650, in the district of Salzburg, died, 1732, at 

 Dresden, has left many excellent works at Berlin, 

 Dresden and Leipsic. There are also other German 

 sculptors of note. 



4. British Sculptors. It is only within the pre- 

 sent century, that there could properly be said to 

 exist a British school of sculpture. Nearly all the 

 sculptors who flourished in England during the last 

 century, were foreigners. Our own day, however, 

 can boast of several native artists of the most dis- 

 tinguished excellence. We may mention particu- 

 larly, Flaxman, Cbantrey, Baily, Carew, West- 

 macott, and others. See Plate LXXXI. for figures 

 by Flaxman, Chantrey, and Baily. See also preli- 

 minary dissertation on the fine arts in this work. 



5. Dutch, Swedish and Russian Sculptors 



Francis Duquesnoy, born at Brussels, in 1594, 

 known under the name il Flamingo. He had, like 

 Algardi, a peculiar genius for representing the 

 beauty of children, and succeeded in flying and rising 

 figures better than any one before him. He formed 

 an intimate friendship with Poussin, and both gave 

 themselves, with an unlimited devotion, to art. 

 His Andrew, twenty-two palms high, in St Peter's 

 at Rome, is one of the finest statues there; and his 

 Susanna at Loretto is much admired on account of 

 the noble attitude of the figure, its mild, pious ex- 

 pression, and beautiful drapery. Buyster, Slodz, 

 Quellius and Van Obstal were Dutch sculptors of 

 merit. Among the Swedish sculptors we ought to 

 mention, above all, Sergei. The Russian Pawloff 

 was a portrait sculptor of reputation. Launitz, 

 the disciple of Tkprwaldsen, is distinguished in the 

 present time. 



6. Spanish Sculptors. Sculpture has flourished 

 in Spain since the eleventh century, and Aparicio 

 of Castile made, as early as 1033, a bass-relief in 

 gold and ivory, representing, in twenty-two divi- 

 sions, the Hunt of St Millan, which is preserved in 

 the convent of Yuso, and is admirable for its pro- 

 portions and grace. The convents and churches gave 

 employment to the artists. A hundred and sixty 

 distinguished Spanish sculptors are enumerated. 



Latest Period Cavaceppi, in Rome, makes the 

 transition to the great sculptors of the present time. 

 Canova, who died in 1822, was chiefly distinguished 

 for grace of style and perfection of execution. (See 

 representations of his ' Venus' and ' Beneficence,' 

 Plate LXXXI. figures 22 and 25.) The Dane 

 Thorwaldsen, in heroic figuies, is superior to his. 



