SERVIA SERVITUDE. 



203 



to the neighbouring states. The conquerors treated 

 those who remained with the greatest cruelty. 

 The country was made a desert. Finally, under 

 the conduct of Milosch, the Servians concluded the 

 treaty of December 15, 1815, which made them 

 not so much the subjects as the dependants of the 

 Porte. The attempt of Czerny George, in July, 

 1817, to kindle a new war, cost him his life. Till 

 1820, negotiations with the Servians were con- 

 tinued in Constantinople. They demanded that 

 no Turk should possess property in Servia without 

 the walls of Belgrade. It was granted. From 

 that time the country has been governed by a 

 senate, which consists of a president, Milosch, who 

 was made prince in 1817, and four members or Ser- 

 vian representatives. The senate holds its sessions 

 at Semendra, a fortified city on the Danube, con- 

 taining 8000 inhabitants and an archbishop ; also 

 the residence of the hospodar Milosch Obreno- 

 witsch, formerly a general under Czerny George. 

 The Servians have their own judges and Local ma- 

 gistrates, and have an agent constantly at the 

 Porte. They pay to the Porte only the kharadsh, 

 which amounts to one ducat for every father of a 

 family, and one piaster for every other member. 

 No Servian is permitted to reside permanently in 

 Turkey, and no Turk in Servia. Belgrade and all 

 the Turkish fortresses in Servia are occupied by 

 Turkish troops. In case of a war between the 

 Porte and any foreign power, the Servians are to 

 furnish 12,000 men. The orders of the vizier, 

 who remains with the Turkish garrison in Belgrade, 

 are committed for execution to prince Milosch. 

 This ruler, in 1825, put down, with an iron hand, 

 a rebellion excited by his own severity, and was 

 rewarded for it with the high office of hospodar. 

 [n the war of Russia with the Porte in 1828, the 

 Servians were ready to rise in support of Russia. 

 See Ranke's Serbische Revolution (Hamburg, 

 1829). 



Servian Language and Literature. The Servian 

 language, generally called the Illyrian, is a Scla- 

 vonic dialect, and, among alLthe southern Sclavonic 

 idioms, the most powerful. It is spoken by five 

 millions of people, from the Culpa to the Timeck. 

 The Sclavonic dialect, spoken in Bulgaria and Bos- 

 nia, differs little from the Servian. Recently the 

 Servian has been more cultivated. In 1814, Wuk 

 Stephanowitsch published, in Vienna, a Servian 

 grammar (translated into German, with a preface 

 by J. Grimm, and remarks by Vater, Berlin, 1824). 

 In 1819, he published his Dictionary of the Servian 

 Language, with German and Latin Definitions, 

 containing above 30,000 words in common use. In 

 the Servian poetry, the excellence of which Gothe 

 and -Grimm have acknowledged, a Sclavonic charac- 

 ter of rude energy is united with an Oriental 

 warmth. In 1823, Wuk Stephanowitsch published 

 three volumes of Servian poetry, at Leipsic, which 

 have been translated into German. Some of the 

 Bongs are uncommonly fine. In 1826, he published 

 Danitza (i. e. Morning Star), an annual for ladies, 

 in Servian. The most recent publications in Ser- 

 vian literature are Simeon Milutinovvitsch's Ser- 

 bianka, a series of Servian heroic songs, which 

 celebrate the insurrection of Servia, of which he 

 was an eye-witness (4 vols., 12mo., Leipsic, 1827), 

 and two Servian translations of Horace's Arspoetica 

 (Vienna, 1827), in hexameters, and in the heroic 

 measure of the Servians. Both are by Johannes 

 Hadsitsch (under the name of Milosch Swetitsch). 

 The Servian prose has produced little besides theo- 



logical and religious works. In fact, the literary 

 dialect is not yet settled: the Servian scholars are 

 not agreed whether the artificial book language, 

 formed after the ecclesiastical Servian, and which 

 has been in use for almost four centuries, or the 

 common dialect of the country, shall become the 

 language of literature. In the former Raitsch has 

 written his History of various Sclavonic Tribes 

 (Vienna, 1792, 4 vols.). See Bowring's Servian 

 Popular Poetry (London, 1827). 



SERVICE TREE (sorbus); a pretty large Euro- 

 pean tree, closely allied to the apple and pear, but 

 easily distinguishable by its pinnated leaves. The 

 flowers are numerous, disposed in corymbs at the 

 extremities of the branches, and are succeeded 

 by very small, rounded or pear-shaped fruit. 

 This fruit is excessively austere and astringent 

 before perfect maturity, is little esteemed, and diffi- 

 cult of digestion, but, notwithstanding, is some- 

 times eaten when in a state of incipient decay. 

 The tree attains the height of forty or fifty feet, 

 but the growth is exceedingly slow, the trunk 

 hardly acquiring the diameter of a foot in a cen- 

 tury. The wood is very hard, compact, solid, fine- 

 grained, and susceptible of a brilliant polish. It is 

 in great request among turners and cabinet-makers, 

 and is very dear, especially the larger pieces. The 

 service tree grows wild in most parts of Europe, 

 and is, besides, occasionally cultivated. The moun- 

 tain ash is a second species of sorbus, often culti- 

 vated as an ornamental plant. It does not exceed 

 the height of twenty or twenty-five feet, and is 

 found wild in many parts of Europe. In the north- 

 ern parts of the United States, there is a species 

 of sorbus (S. Americana) closely resembling the 

 mountain ash, and also frequently cultivated in 

 European gardens. It is found wild as far south as 

 lat. 43, and is frequent in Canada. Another species 

 (S. microcarpa~) inhabits the range of the Alleghany 

 mountains. 



SERVILE, a Spanish word of the same meaning 

 with the English servile, was the name given to the 

 opponents of the liberal changes, contemplated by 

 the cortes, from their first session in 1808. In 

 1823, when the French put down the liberals, the 

 apostolical party (so called) obtained the ascendency, 

 which under the present queen they have lost. 



SERVILE ARTS. See Arts. 



SERVING is the winding anything round a rope 

 to prevent it from being rubbed ; the materials used 

 for this purpose, which are called service, are gen- 

 erally spun-yarn, small lines, sennit, or ropes, some- 

 times leather, old canvass, &c. 



SERVITES,oa SERVANTS OF THE HOLY 

 VIRGIN; a religious order, founded at Florence 

 in 1233, which became numerous, particularly in 

 Germany and Italy and received the privileges of 

 the mendicant orders, but never had much influence 

 in the church. (See Orders,Religious.) The monks 

 were also called Brethren of the Ave Maria, be- 

 cause they always began their conversation with 

 the words of the angefic greeting, and Brethren of 

 the passion of Christ. They follow the rule of St 

 Augustine, and wear a black dress. Their general 

 has the fifth place among those of the mendicant 

 orders at Rome. They have, in recent times, lost 

 much of their consideration. Paul Sarpi and Fer- 

 rarius belonged to this order. 



SERVITUDE (servitus'), in the civil law, is the 

 right to the use of a thing, without property in the 

 same, for all or for some particular purposes. This 

 right, by the Roman law n r as not confined to any 



