346 



SPALLANZANI SPANHE1M. 



ology, &c., nothing of importance is to be found; 

 but the prose style has not been neglected. On 

 the contrary, it has been cultivated in a peculiar 

 manner in works relating to the history of the na- 

 tion. The learned theologian Perez de Oliva, who 

 died in 1533, much improved didactic prose; and 

 his scholar and nephew, Ambrosio de Morales, the 

 historiographer of Philip II., pursued the same 

 course. Diego de Mendoza wrote, as we have al- 

 ready mentioned, a History of the War in Grenada, 

 and Geronyico Zurita Anales de la Corona de Ar- 

 ragon. Antonio de Solis wrote, in the seventeenth 

 century, an excellent work upon the conquest of 

 Mexico; yet the Jesuit Mariana deserves, perhaps, 

 to be called the most industrious Spanish historian. 

 Lorenzo and Balthasar Gracian, the latter of whom, 

 by his Arte de Ingenio, had an important influence 

 on the Spanish literature of the seventeenth cen- 

 tury, contributed to the introduction of Gongora's 

 defects into the prose style. The Real Acadenda 

 Espanola, at Madrid, founded in 1713, deserves 

 great praise for its Diccionario de la real Academia* 

 (in 6 vols., folio), by which the Castilian dialect 

 became the established language. Candamo, Za- 

 mora, Canizares, and the Mexican nun Inez de la 

 Cruz, and some others, were distinguished as lyric 

 poets in the eighteenth century. Jos. Lopez com- 

 piled a Parnaso Espanol, in 1768, drawn from the 

 old lyric poets. Lately, Llorente has appeared as 

 a historical and political writer; but his works have 

 been produced out of his own country. The first 

 historical romance that has come from the pen of a 

 Spaniard, is in English, namely, Gomez Arias, or 

 the Moors of Alpujarras, by Telesforo de Trueba y 

 Cosio (3 vols., London, 1828). Anaya's Essay on 

 Spanish Literature (London, 1818) gives a short 

 account of Spanish literature. See, also, Bouter- 

 wek's History of Spanish Literature, which is con- 

 tained in his History of Modern Poetry and Elo- 

 quence, and has been translated into Spanish, French 

 and English. The events of the reigns of Charles 

 IV. and Ferdinand VII. have created an excitement 

 beneficial to Spanish literature. Jovellanos has 

 written with talent and elegance, on legislation and 

 political economy ; Capmany has distinguished him- 

 self in philology ; Antillon in geography ; Llorente 

 in the history of his country; Conde in Oriental 

 literature; the canon Moralez in mathematics and 

 general literature; and various others might be 

 mentioned. Juan Melendez Valdez has been called 

 the Spanish Anacreon. Badia is known for his 

 Travels in the East, under the name of Ali Bey. 

 We have mentioned, in the course of this article, 

 Coleccion de las mas celebres Romances antiguos 

 Espanoles historicos y caballerescos (edited by Dep- 

 ping, Leipsic, and by a Spaniard, London, 1825, 2 

 vols.; the Leipsic edition contains the Moorish 

 ballads, which the London does not) ; there is also 

 a Coleccion de las Piezas dramaticas de los Autores 

 Espanoles: the first six volumes (Madrid, 1826) 

 contain the best pieces of Calderon, Moreto, Tirso 

 de Molina, Ruiz de Alarcon, and Perez de Montal- 

 ban. Spain has now, besides the seminaries, fif- 

 teen universities. In these there were, in 1826, 

 9867 students, and in the seminaries 3810. 



SPALLANZANI, LAZARUS, an eminent natur- 

 alist, was born at Scandiano, in Italy, in 1729, and 

 studied at Reggio and at Bologna, un'der Laura 

 Bassi, the celebrated female professor of physics in 



* The most complete Spanish dictionary, for foreign students 

 of the langnage, is the Dictionnaire Efpagnol- Francois et 

 Francoii-Etpagnol,^>y Nnnez de Taboada Ci vols., Paris X 



that place. Being nominated professor of natural 

 philosophy at Pavia, he devoted himself to experi- 

 mental researches, which he pursued for many years 

 with assiduity, and published, in Italian, 'various 

 works on physiology, which made his name known 

 through Europe. In 1779, he travelled through 

 the Swiss cantons; in 1785, he made a voyage to 

 Constantinople, Corfu and Cerigo, and, in 1788, 

 journeyed through the Two Sicilies, and part of the 

 Apennines, to collect volcanic products for the mu- 

 seum at Pavia. This celebrated natural philoso- 

 pher died of apoplexy in 1799. Among the numer- 

 ous writings of Spallanzani are Experiments on 

 animal Re-production; On infusory Animalcules; 

 On the Phenomena of Circulation ; On animal and 

 vegetable Physics; Travels in the Two Sicilies; 

 On the Transpiration of Plants. 



SPANDAU; a fortified town in Prussia, on the 

 Havel, at its union with the Spree; eight miles 

 west of Berlin; Ion. 13 11' E.: lat. 52* 33' N.; 

 population, 4303. It is well fortified, and contains 

 a large work-house and a manufactory of arms. 



SPANGENBERG, AUGUSTUS GOTTLIEB, a 

 Moravian bishop, was born at Klettenberg, in Ger- 

 many, in 1704, became a student of law at Jena, 

 and, in 1726, doctor of philosophy. The following 

 year he formed an acquaintance with count Zinzen- 

 dorflf, founder of the sect of Moravians or Herrn- 

 hutters, of whom he became a follower, and was 

 sent on a mission to the West Indies and North 

 America (17351739). Having established a 

 colony of the United Brethren (q. v.) in Georgia, 

 and visited Pennsylvania, he returned to Europe. 

 In 1744, he was elected bishop of the Moravians, 

 and sent again to America as superintendent of all 

 the establishments of the brethren among the 

 English and savage nations. He returned from this 

 mission in 1749, and in 1751, crossed the Atlantic 

 a third time. On the death of Zinzendorif (q. v.), 

 in 1760, he was called to the supreme council of the 

 Herrnhutters, and, in 1 764, was appointed general 

 inspector of the establishments in Upper Lusatia. 

 He took up his residence at Zeitz, whence, in 1769, 

 he removed to Herrnhut, devoting his time especi- 

 ally to the seminaries for the education of foreign 

 missionaries. In 1789, he became president of the 

 general directory, and died at Bertholsdorf, near 

 Herrnhut, in 1792. Among his works are the Life 

 of Zinzendorff (in German, 177275, 8 vols., 8vo.) ; 

 and Idea. Fidei Fratrum, or a Summary of the 

 Christian Doctrine of the Evangelical Community 

 of the Brethren (1779, 8vo.), translated into English 

 by Latrobe. 



SPANHEIM, EZEKIEL, a distinguished numis- 

 matist and philologian, son of Frederic Spanheim , 

 a professor of divinity at Geneva and Leyden, was 

 born at Geneva, in 1629, accompanied his father to 

 Leyden in 1642, and, although at that period the 

 animosity between Heinsius and Salmasius was at 

 its height, succeeded, by his modesty and abilities, 

 in obtaining the esteem of both those scholars. In 

 1651, he accepted a professorship of rhetoric in his 

 native city; but, his reputation inducing the elector 

 palatine to select him as superintendent of his son's 

 studies, he entered tile service of that prince, and 

 soon after published a tract in support of his pat- 

 ron's pretensions to the grand vicarship of the em- 

 pire. That prince despatched him as his envoy to 

 Rome, where he became personally acquainted with 

 his father's patroness, queen Christina, who after- 

 wards employed him in diplomatic missions to the 

 states-general, Breda, and London. Circumstances 





