STATIUS STAUDUN. 



381 



(1805, 2 vols.); his Statistical Tables, comprising 

 a view of all the European States, and some others ; 

 his General Geographico-Statistical Lexicon (Wei- 

 mar, 1827) ; and his Genealogical, Historical and 

 Statistical Almanac (an annual) ; Crome's works ; 

 Stiiudlin's Ecclesiastical Geography and Statistics 

 (2 vols., Tub., 1804); Herbin and Peuchet's Sta- 

 tistique de la France (7 vols., Paris, 1803) ; Dupin's 

 Forces productives et commerciales de la France 

 (Paris, 2d vol., 4to., 1832) ; Colquhoun's Treatise 

 on the Wealth, Power and Resources of the British 

 Empire (London, 1814, 4to.) ; Sir John Sinclair's 

 Statistical Account of Scotland, 21 vols., 8vo., vid. 

 Sinclair; Dupin's Voyages dans la Grande-Bretagne 

 (1820) ; Wichmann and Hassel's works on Russia; 

 and J. H. Schnitzler's Statistique et Itintraire de 

 la Russie (Paris and Petersburg, 1829) ; Von Ham- 

 mer and Lindner's works on Turkey ; Bisinger's, 

 Hassel's, Demian's, Andre's, on Austria; Schwart- 

 ner's, on Hungary; Mirabeau's, Krug's, Demain's, 

 Stein's, on Prussia; Thaarup's work on Denmark; 

 Politz's, on Saxony. 



STATIUS, PUBLIUS BAPINIUS; a Roman epic 

 poet, born at Naples, in the reign of the emperor 

 Domitian (A. D. 61), and educated by his father, a 

 rhetorician. His principal productions are two epic 

 poems, the Thebais, in twelve books, and the Achil- 

 leis, in two books. The last is unfinished. The style 

 of Statius is bombastic and affected, often exhibit- 

 ing the art of the declaimer rather than that of the 

 poet ; but he attracted general admiration in his own 

 time, and even some modern critics have considered 

 him as inferior only to Virgil. He wrote some 

 shorter poems, called Sylvee, which have been dis- 

 tributed into four books; and some of these com- 

 positions are eminently beautiful. Statius is sup- 

 posed to have been destitute of fortune, as he is 

 said to have supported himself by writing for the 

 stage; but none of his dramatic compositions are 

 extant. He died about the hundredth year of the 

 Christian era. Among the best editions of the 

 works of Statius are those of Barthius (1664, 2 

 vols., 4to.), and the Variorum, Lugd. Bat. (1671, 

 8vo.) ; of the Thebais separately, that of Warring- 

 ton (1778, 2 vols., 12mo.), and of the Sylvce, that 

 of Markland (London, 1728, 4to.). 



STATUE (from the Latin statud). Statues are 

 divided into ideal and portrait statues (statua iconica: 

 this term also signified a statue of the natural size). 

 The former, in respect to invention, are much 

 superior, and reach the highest point of the art, 

 when, as in Greek antiquity, they represent divine 

 beings, serene, and superior to all sensual impulses. 

 The latter have all the qualities of portraits (q. v.) 

 except colouring. In Greece, such statues were 

 given to those who had been thrice victorious in 

 the Olympic games. Portrait statues seem to have 

 been first set up in Athens to the memory of 

 Harmodius and Aristogiton, the avengers of liberty 

 and destroyers of the Pisistratidae. At first, the 

 Greeks seem to have made no statues but those of 

 the gods ; but, in later times, and especially during 

 the decline of the Roman republic, when servility 

 and adulation became more and more common, a 

 great number of portrait statues were produced. 

 Gods and monarchs were originally represented of 

 a colossal size ; and, in general, the size of the 

 statues, with the ancients, had a symbolical mean- 

 ing. Originally, statues were coloured. The Ro- 

 mans called statues in Greek costume, statute palli- 

 ates ; in Roman costume, togatcs, &c. There were 

 status pedestres (on foot), sedentes (sitting), eques- 



tres (on horseback), and curules (driving ; and these, 

 again, bigata, quadrigata, in which way many deities 

 and triumphant generals were represented). Some- 

 times whole groups were and are exhibited, as the 

 Laocoon ; but, in these, the figures were generally 

 distinct, except in those which represented figures 

 intertwined with each other (symplegmata, as in the 

 case of groups of wrestlers). Statues were often 

 used by the ancients to ornament buildings, &c. 

 (As to the material employed, see Plastics, and 

 Sculpture.) The most celebrated statues are men- 

 tioned in the article Sculpture. 



STATUTE : an act of the legislature of a state; 

 a positive law. Statute is commonly applied to the 

 acts of legislative bodies, consisting of representa- 

 tives. In monarchies not having representative 

 bodies, the acts of the sovereign are called edicts, 

 decrees, ordinances, rescripts. Statutes are distin- 

 guished from common law. The latter owes its 

 force to the principles of justice, to long use, and 

 the consent of a nation ; the former to a positive 

 command, or declaration of the supreme power. 

 STAUBBACH, FALLS OF. See Cataract. 

 STAUDLIN, CHARLES FREDERIC, doctor and 

 professor of theology at Gottingen, was born in 

 1761, at Stuttgart, and early began his History and 

 Spirit of Scepticism, particularly in respect to 

 Morality and Religion (which appeared at Leipsic, 

 1794). He travelled in Switzerland, France and 

 England, and was appointed professor extraordinarius 

 at Gottingen, in 1790, where he became doctor of 

 theology in 1792. His writings are very numerous, 

 and the latter ones have been charged with the 

 faults often attending too great fertility. He died 

 in 1826. His works are a Manual of the Extent, 

 Method and History of Theological Sciences (Hano- 

 ver, 1821) ; Ecclesiastical Geography and Statistics 

 (Tubingen, 1804) ; Contributions to the Elucida- 

 tion of the Prophets of the Old Testament (Stut- 

 gart, 1786) ; continuation of the same (Gottingen, 

 1791) ; Origin, Contents and Construction of Solo- 

 mon's Song, in Paulus's Memor ; Essay towards a 

 Criticism of the System of the Christian Religion 

 (1791) ; Sketch of Academical Lectures on Morals 

 and Dogmatics for future Teachers of the Christian 

 Religion (2 vols., 17981800); Text-Book of 

 Dogmatics, and the History of Dogmas (3d edition, 

 1809): Outlines of Philosophical and Biblical 

 Morals (an academical text-book, 1805); New 

 Text-Books of Morals for Theologians, with Intro- 

 ductions to the History of Morals and moral Dog- 

 mas (1813); Practical Introduction to the Books 

 of the Sacred Scriptures (1826) ; a History of the 

 Ideas which have been entertained respecting the 

 Morality of Theatres, the Doctrine of Suicide, 

 Conscience, Oaths (1824), and Friendship (1826) ; 

 a History of Rationalism (1826); a History of the 

 Ethics of Jesus (4 vols., 17991823); Outlines of 

 a History of Philosophical, Hebrew and Christian 

 Morals (Hancver, 1806); General History of the 

 'Christian Church (3d edition, 1823) ; History or 

 Christian Morals since the Revival of Learning 

 (1808) ; General Ecclesiastical History of Great 

 Britain (Gottingen, 1819); History of Moral Phi- 

 losophy (Hanover, 1822) ; History of the Theolo- 

 gical Sciences (2 vols., 1811) ; History and Litera- 

 ture of Ecclesiastical History (edited by Hemsen, 

 1827). He edited several periodicals himself, as 

 the Gottingen Library of the latest Theological 

 Literature (17941800) ; Contributions to the 

 Philosophy and History of Religion and Ethics in 

 general, and of the various Creeds and Churches 



