STOLA STOMACH. 



415 



foundation in the nature of the agent ; perfectly 

 proper, and therefore obligatory, when good in 

 themselves ; intermediate or lawful, in so far as, 

 indifferent in themselves, they are expedient or 

 allowable only in certain relations, but criminal, 

 when they are inconsistent with the reason of the 

 agent. Virtue they accordingly explain as the true 

 harmony of man with himself, independent of re- 

 ward or punishment, to be attained by correct moral 

 judgment, and the mastery over the passions and 

 affections : this virtue presupposes the highest in- 

 ward tranquillity and elevation (apathy) above the 

 pleasures and pains of sense ; it makes the wise 

 man not destitute of feeling, but invulnerable, and 

 gives him a dominion over his body which permits 

 even suicide. Virtue, therefore, is represented 

 chiefly under the character of self-denial. Zeno, 

 and his celebrated disciple and successor, Cleanthus, 

 both put themselves to death at an advanced age, 

 the latter by starvation. Cleanthus, originally a 

 pugilist, gave to the Stoic philosophy its distribu- 

 tion into dialectics, rhetoric, ethics, politics, physics 

 and theology. He enlarged theology by his proof 

 of the existence of God, and expressed his rever- 

 ence of one God in his admirable Hymn, yet extant, 

 Cleanthi Hymnus (ed. Sturz, 1785). Chrysippus 

 of Soli (died 208 or 212 B. C.), the successor of 

 Cleanthus, carried logic and dialectics to greater 

 perfection, and in physics, proved that the influence 

 of fate, or the necessary relation of things, neither 

 destroyed the operation of divine providence nor 

 the free agency of man. In morals, he distin- 

 guished, like his predecessors, a natural and a posi- 

 tive law, and derived the latter from the mutual 

 relations of men, as fellow-creatures of the same 

 nature. His successors were Zeno, Antipater (both 

 of Tarsus), Panaetius of Rhodes, the pupil of Anti- 

 pater, and Posidonius of Apamea, in Syria, the 

 disciple of Panaetius. Chrysippus, through his 

 writings, also exerted a most important influence 

 upon the Roman philosophers, among whom Seneca, 

 Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius (see Antonius), 

 were Stoics. They employed themselves princi- 

 pally on practical questions ; and their moral doc- 

 trines have so many points of resemblance to those 

 of Christianity, as to have given rise to the opinion, 



that they were borrowed from the latter See 



Tiedemann's System der stoischen Philosophic (Leip- 

 sic, 1776). 



STOLA ; a garment worn by the Roman women 

 in later times, they having originally worn the toga 

 only, like the men. The stola was a long tunic with 

 sleeves, reaching to the 

 feet, worn both by the rich 

 and the poor, with this dif- 

 ference only, that the stola 

 of the latter had but a sin- 

 gle gold stripe, whilst that 

 of the former had stripes 

 of gold and purple, and at 

 the bottom abroad border 

 or fringe, called instita. 

 Public women, and those 

 who had been found guilty 

 of adultery, were forbidden 

 to wear the stola; hence 

 they were called togatce. 

 By stola, therefore, a chaste 

 woman, as well as a woman 

 of condition, was desig- 

 nated. Instita was used 

 in the same way. The 



stola, which forms a part of the sacerdotal dress of 

 Catholic priests, is a long, broad, white band, of 

 silk or silver stuff, lined with stiff linen, worn by 

 the deacons over the left shoulder, and reaching to 

 the right hip, like the riband of an order ; but the 

 priests wear it over both shoulders, and hanging 

 down across the breast. It is marked with three 

 crosses, and not unfrequently has little bells at the 

 end. Prelates wear it ornamented with pearls and 

 embroidery. The stola is necessary for reading the 

 mass ; hence jura stolte, or the dues which are paid 

 for baptisms, marriages, interments, confirmation, 

 confession, and similar religious services performed 

 by the priest. This name has been retained by the 

 German Protestants, although they no longer use 

 the stola. The teachers of the ancient church were 

 supported by the voluntary gifts of the faithful 

 (oblations) ; and it was long left optional with 

 laymen whether they would give any thing to the 

 priest on such occasions, or not. What was given, 

 was paid over, as late as the sixth century, to the 

 bishop, who allowed a part to the parochial clergy. 

 After that time, every pastor acquired the right to 

 retain what he received in this way from his par- 

 ishioners; but the councils, down to the tenth cen- 

 tury, insisted that the priests should not ask any 

 thing for the above services, but merely receive 

 what was voluntarily given. In the sixteenth cen- 

 tury, this permission became a right (jus), con- 

 firmed by the ecclesiastical authorities ; hence jura 

 stolce. 



STOLBERG; an ancient German house, which 

 was formerly divided into the two lines of the Hartz 

 and the Rhine. The latter becoming extinct, its 

 possessions fell to the former, which, subsequently 

 to 1638, was divided into the elder line, in the two 

 branches of Ilsenburg (extinct in 1710) and Gedern, 

 and the younger line, in the two branches of Stol- 

 berg-Stolberg and Stolberg-Rossla. To the Gedern 

 branch belonged the Stolberg-Wernigerode family, 

 that of Stolberg-Gedern (see Albany), now extinct, 

 and that of Stolberg-Schwarza, also extinct. In 

 the time of the empire, the counts of Stolberg be- 

 longed to the Wetteravian college. Their posses- 

 sions have been mediatized, and are now under 

 Prussian or Hanoverian sovereignty. 



STOLE, GROOM OF THE; the eldest gentle- 

 man of his majesty's bed chamber, whose office it is 

 to present and put on his majesty's shirt, every 

 morning, and to put the room in order. See Stola. 



STOMACH (stomachus ; ventriculus ; gaster~) ; 

 a membraneous bag, situated in the epigastric re- 

 gion, which receives the food from the oesophagus. 

 Its figure is somewhat oblong and round. It is 

 largest on the left side, and gradually diminishes 

 towards its lower orifice, where it is the least. Its 

 superior orifice, where the oesophagus terminates, is 

 called the cardia ; the inferior orifice, where the 

 intestine begins, the pylorus. The anterioi surface 

 is turned towards the abdominal muscles, and the 

 posterior opposite the lumbar vertebrae. It has 

 two curvatures ; the first is called the great curva- 

 ture of the stomach, and extends downwards from 

 one orifice to the other, having the omentum adher- 

 ing to it ; the second is the small curvature, which 

 is also between both orifices, but superiorly and 

 posteriorly. The stomach, like the intestinal canal, 

 is composed of three coats, or membranes : 1. The 

 outermost, which is very firm, and forms the peri- 

 tonaeum ; 2. the muscular, which is very thick, and 

 composed of various muscular fibres; and, 3. the 

 innermost or villous coat, which is covered with ex- 



