418 



STOSCH STOVES. 



them, the secret articles only excepted, and these 

 must not be contrary to the public ones; it may 

 summon any body before it, except the king and vice- 

 roy; and it confers naturalization. Laws are pro- 

 posed in the odehthing, by its members, or by a 

 counsellor of state: if they pass there, they go to 

 the logthing. The king is to sign the bills, or to 

 dei-line so doing. If a bill, twice rejected by the 

 king, is adopted without alteration by a third re- 

 gular storthing, it becomes a law, even without the 

 king's sanction. In this manner nobility was abo- 

 lished in Norway. 



STOSCH, PHILIP, baron von, a distinguished 

 numismatist, born 1691, at Ciistrin, in Germany, 

 studied at Frankfort on the Oder, and was designed 

 for the ecclesiastical profession ; but his taste led 

 him to devote his time to numismatics. In 1708, 

 he visited Jena, Dresden, Leipsic, and other places 

 in Germany, for the purpose of examining cabinets 

 of medals and antiquities. In 1710, the Dutch 

 statesman Fagel employed him on a mission to 

 England, where he became acquainted with Sir 

 Hans Sloane, lords Pembroke, Winchelsea, Carteret, 

 and other virtuosi. In 1714, he went to Rome; 

 and, returning to Germany, he engaged in collect- 

 ing other antiques, particularly engraved gems. At 

 Augsburg he discovered the celebrated " Peutinger 

 Table." (q. v.) He was afterwards English resid- 

 ent at Rome, for the purpose of observing the con- 

 duct of the Pretender and his adherents. This post 

 becoming hazardous after the accession of pope 

 Clement XII., who favoured the Stuarts, baron 

 Stosch withdrew to Florence, where he died in 

 1757. His collections, and especially those of 

 cameos and engraved gems, were peculiarly valu- 

 able. A catalogue of the latter was drawn up by 

 Winckelmann. The baron himself published two 

 volumes of plates, representing his gems, engraved 

 by Picart and Schweikart. 



STOVES. Stoves differ from fire-places (q. v.) 

 by enclosing the fire so as to exclude it from sight, 

 the heat being given out through the material of 

 which the stove is composed. The common Hol- 

 land stove, of which we have an almost infinite 

 variety of modifications, is an iron box, of an ob- 

 long square form, intended to stand in the middle 

 of a room. The air is admitted to the fire through 

 a small opening in the door, and the smoke passes 

 off through a narrow funnel. The advantages of 

 this stove are, 1. that, being insulated, and detached 

 from the walls of the room, a greater part of the 

 heat produced by the combustion is saved. The 

 radiated heat being thrown into the walls of the 

 stove, they become hot, and, in their turn, radiate 

 heat on all sides to the room. The conducted heat 

 is also received by successive portions of the air of 

 the room, which pass in contact with the stove. 2. 

 The air being made, as in furnaces, to pass through 

 the fuel, a very small supply is sufficient to keep 

 up the combustion, so that little need be taken out 

 of the room. 3. The smoke, being confined by the 

 cavity of the stove, cannot easily escape into the 

 room, and may be made to pass off by a small fun- 

 nel, which, if sufficiently thin and circuitous, may 

 cause the smoke to part with a great portion of its 

 heat, before it leaves the apartment. These cir- 

 cumstances render the Holland stove one of the 

 most powerful means we can employ for keeping 

 up a regular and effectual heat, with a small ex- 

 pense of fuel. The disadvantages of these stoves 

 are, that houses containing them are never well 

 ventilated, but that the same air remains stagnant 



in a room for a great length of time. A dryness of 

 the air is also produced, which is oppressive to most 

 persons, so that it often becomes necessary to place 

 an open vessel of water on the stove, the evapora- 

 tion of which may supply moisture to the atmos- 

 phere. Stoves are very useful in large rooms, 

 which are frequented occasionally, but not inhabited 

 constantly; as halls, churches, &c. In cold coun- 

 tries, where it is desirable to obtain a comfortable 

 warmth, even at the sacrifice of other conveniences, 

 various modifications of the common stoves have 

 been introduced, to render them more powerful, 

 and their heat more effectual. The Swedish and 

 Russian stoves are small furnaces, with a very cir- 

 cuitous smoke flue. In principle, they resemble a 

 common stove, with a funnel bent round and round, 

 until it has performed a great number of turns or 

 revolutions, before it enters the chimney. It dif- 

 fers, however, in being wholly enclosed in a large 

 box of stone or brick work, which is intersected 

 with air pipes. In operation, it communicates heat 

 more slowly, being longer in becoming hot, and 

 also slower in becoming cold, than the common 

 stove. Russian stoves are usually provided with a 

 damper, or valve, at top, which is used to close the 

 funnel or passage, when the smoke has ceased to 

 ascend. Its operation, however, is highly perni- 

 cious, since burning coals, when they have ceased to 

 smoke, always give out carbonic acid in large quan- 

 tities, which, if it does not escape up chimney, 

 must deteriorate the air of the apartment, and ren- 

 der it unsafe. 



Cellar Stoves and Air Flues. Such is the ten- 

 dency of heated or rarefied air to ascend, that 

 buildings may be effectually warmed by air flues 

 communicating with stoves in the cellar, or any part 

 of the building below that to be warmed. A large 

 suit of apartments may be sufficiently heated in this 

 way by a single stove. The stove, for this pur- 

 pose, should be of a kind best adapted to com- 

 municate heat. It should be entirely enclosed in 

 a detached bric-k chamber, the wall of which should 

 be double, that it may be a better non-conductor of 

 heat. The space between the brick chamber and 

 stove should not exceed an inch. In the appa- 

 ratus of the Derbyshire and Wakefield infirmaries, 

 the whole of the air is repeatedly conducted, by 

 numerous pipes, within half an inch of the stove 

 and its cockle. For the supply of fuel, the same 

 door which opens into the chamber, should open 

 also into the stove, that there may never be any 

 communication with the air of the cellar. A 

 current of external air should be brought down 

 by a separate passage, and delivered under the 

 stove. A part of this air is admitted to supply 

 the combustion; the rest passes upward in the 

 cavity between the hot stove and the wall of the 

 brick chamber, and, after becoming thoroughly 

 heated, is conducted through passages in which its 

 levity causes it to ascend, and be delivered into any 

 apartment of the house. Different branches being 

 established from the main pipe, and commanded by 

 valves or shutters, the hot air can be distributed at 

 pleasure to any one or more rooms at a time. This 

 plan is very useful in large buildings, such as manu- 

 factories, hospitals, &c., on account of the facility 

 with- which the same stove may be made to warm 

 the whole, or any part of them. The advantage of 

 a long vertical draught enables us to establish a 

 more forcible current of warm air. The rooms, 

 while they are heated, are also ventilated, for the 

 air which is continually brought in by the warm 





