430 



STRYPE STUART. 



a* small as possible, and exposed to the action of 

 nitric ether in a Papin's digester. What, remains 

 ntter the digestion is treated with alcohol, and the 

 alcohol is evaporated to dryness, and the residue 

 dissolved in water. To the aqueous solution pot- 

 ash is added, whirh throws down the strychnia in 

 the form of a white crystalline precipitate. This 

 alkuli has also been extracted from the upas poison. 

 The properties of strychnin, in a state of perfect 

 purity, are as follows : It has a crystalline struc- 

 ture (often presenting four-sided prisms, terminated 

 by four-sided pyramids), is of a white colour, has 

 an intolerably bitter taste, and leaves a metallic im- 

 pression in the mouth ; it is destitute of odour, and 

 is not altered by exposure to the air; it is neither 

 fusible nor volatile, except at temperatures at which 

 't undergoes decomposition. It is very little sol- 

 uble in cold water, 100,000 parts of that liquid dis- 

 solving only fifteen parts of the alkali ; but it dis- 

 solves in 2500 times its weight of boiling water. 

 When it is introduced into the stomach, it acts 

 with prodigious energy. A locked jaw is induced 

 in a very short time, and the animal is speedily 

 destroyed. Half a grain of strychnia blown 

 into the throat of a rabbit, proved fatal in five 

 minutes, and brought on locked jaw in two minutes. 

 A great variety of salts of this alkali may be ob- 

 tained by treating it with the different acids, and 

 by double decomposition. Sulphate of strychnia 

 crystallizes in cubes, and is soluble in less than ten 

 times its weight of cold water. It consists of sul- 

 phuric acid 90-5 and strychnia 9-5. Muriate of 

 strychnia crystallizes in very small needles, and is 

 more soluble in water than the sulphate. Nitrate 

 of strychnia acts with more violence upon animals 

 than the pure alkali. Solutions of the salts of 

 strychnia, when exposed to a heat of 212, become 

 volatile. 



STRYPE, JOHN, a voluminous contributor to 

 English ecclesiastical history and biography, was 

 born in 1643, and educated at St Paul's school, 

 whence, in 1661, he was removed to Jesus college, 

 and afterwards to Catharine hall, Cambridge. He 

 graduated M. A. in 1666, and, taking orders, was 

 nominated to the perpetual curacy of Theydon 

 Boys, in Essex. His works are, Ecclesiastical 

 Monuments (in 3 vols., folio); Annals of the Re- 

 formation (4 vols., folio, 1709 1731); an aug- 

 mented edition of Stow's Survey of London (in 2 

 vols., folio, 1720); and Lives of Cranmer, Parker, 

 Grindal, Whitgift, Sir John Cheke, Sir Thomas 

 Smith, and bishop Aylmer. He was for many 

 years rector of Hackney, in which he spent the 

 latter part of his life, which was prolonged to the 

 age of ninety-four. 



STUART. The Stuart or Stewart family was 

 descended from the great Anglo-Norman family of 

 Fitz Alan, in England. The dignity of seneschal 

 or steward of the king's household, having become 

 hereditary in a branch of this family, settled in 

 Scotland, the title was converted into a surname. 

 Walter, the sixth high steward, married Marjory, 

 daughter of Robert (see Bruce, Robert} ; and, on 

 the extinction of the male line of Bruce, Robert 

 Stewart, their only son, ascended the Scottish 

 throne (1371) under the title of Robert II. His 

 grandson, James I., was murdered at Perth, in 1437. 

 His successors were James II., killed in a war with 

 England (1460); James III., who fell in battle 

 against his rebellious subjects (1488); James IV., 

 who perished fighting against the English (1513); 

 James V. died of chagrin on account of the rebellion 



of his subjects. His last words were, on hearing 

 of the birth of his daughter Mary, " God's will be 

 done. It came with a lass ; it will go with a lass," 

 alluding to the crown, which had come into his 

 family by marriage. That daughter (see Mary 

 Stuart) perished on the scaffold, and her son James 

 VI. (I. of England) united the crowns of England 

 and Scotland (1603). James I., Charles I., Charles 

 II., James II., Mary and Anne (see the articles) 

 wore the double crown of the two kingdoms until 

 1714, 343 years from the period when the family 

 ascended the Scottish throne, and 111 from the 

 time of its accession to that of England. James II. 

 was deposed in 1688, and his son James Edward 

 (see Stuart, James Edward), who styled himself 

 James III., died in exile, after ineffectual attempts 

 to regain the throne of his ancestors. James III.'s 

 son, Charles Edward (see Edward, Charles'), died 

 childless, in 1788. His only brother, Henry, car- 

 dinal of York, died in 1807, and with him the 

 house of Stuart became extinct. See Scotland, 

 division History. 



STUART, JOHN, earl of Bute. See Bute. 



STUART, ARABELLA. See Arabella Stuart. 



STUART, JAMES EDWARD FRANCIS; the eldest 

 son of James II., by his second wife, Mary of 

 Modena, born in London, June 10, 1688. He was 

 but five months old when his father was dethroned ; 

 and his mother, with her infant, fled to France, 

 where Louis XIV. afforded an asylum to the exiled 

 family at St Germains. (See James //.) An 

 attempt was made at the peace of Ryswick, in 

 1697, to ensure the restoration of this young prince 

 to the throne of his ancestors, which was defeated 

 only by the opposition of his father as William 

 III. had agreed to procure the recognition of the 

 prince of Wales, as he was styled, as his successor; 

 but James II. rejected the proposal, observing that 

 he could support with resignation the usurpation of 

 his son-in-law, but he could not suffer his son to 

 become a party to it. On the death of the ex-king, 

 in 1701, Louis XIV. recognised his son as king of 

 England, by the title of James III., and a procla- 

 mation, in the name of the latter, was addressed to 

 the English nation ; but no effective measures were 

 adopted in his favour. The death of William III. 

 revived the hopes of his party ; but nothing beyond 

 unavailing negotiation took place till 1708, when a 

 maritime expedition against Scotland was fitted out, 

 in which the prince embarked, under the command 

 of the chevalier Forbin. This armanent, however, 

 being attacked by an English fleet of superior force, 

 returned to France without landing the invading 

 forces; and the young adventurer (who assumed 

 the name of the chevalier de St George) joined the 

 French army in Flanders, and distinguished himself 

 by his valour at the battle of Malplaquet. In the 

 latter part of the reign of Anne, repeated intrigues 

 were set on foot to secure the restoration of her 

 brother, or his succession to the crown after her 

 death ; but they proved entirely abortive, and, on 

 the treaty of Utrecht taking place, in 1713, he was 

 obliged to submit to a temporary retirement from 

 France ; and when he returned to Paris, he resided 

 there incognito. Had not the decease of queen 

 Anne been speedily followed by that of Louis XIV., 

 in 1715, the invasion of Scotland by the Pretender, 

 as he was called, might have led to a very different 

 result from that which actually took place. (See 

 Anne.) The regent duke of Orleans wished to 

 maintain peace with George I., and the British am- 

 bassador at Paris was informed of the projects of 



