STUART STUDDING-SAILS. 



431 



the chevalier de St George by the abbe Strickland, 

 one of his agents, who betrayed his confidence. 

 The earl of Mar, in Scotland, raised the standard 

 of revolt against the house of Hanover, proclaiming 

 the heir of the Stuarts king, under the title of 

 James III. ; and the latter, embarking at. Dunkirk, 

 made a descent on the Scottish coasts; but he 

 soon perceived that success was hopeless, and was 

 obliged to return to France. Even that kingdom 

 no longer yielded him an asylum, and he was 

 forced to remove, first to Avignon, and then to 

 Rome. In consequence of the disputes which 

 occurred between the duke of Orleans and cardinal 

 Alberoni, the prince was, a few years after, invited 

 to Spain, where he was well received by Philip V. ; 

 but the visit had no important influence on his 

 affairs, and Rome again became his retreat, as it 

 was his future residence. In 1720, he married the 

 princess Mary Casimira Sobieska, grand-daughter 

 of the famous John Sobieski, king of Poland. This 

 union was not attended with domestic happiness, 

 and a separation between the husband and wife was 

 with difficulty prevented by the interference of 

 cardinal Alberoni, then a resident at Rome. He 

 took no active part in the expedition against Scot- 

 land, under his son, in 1745; and the latter part of 

 his life was dedicated to exercises of piety. He 

 died January 2, 1766. 



STUART, CHARLES EDWARD. See Edward, 

 Charles. 



STUART, HENRY BENEDICT MARIA CLEMENT, 

 cardinal of York, younger son of James Edward, 

 and the last descendant of the royal line of the 

 Stuarts, was born at Rome, in 1725, and, being 

 destined for the church, the pope bestowed on him 

 the right to hold benefices without receiving the 

 ecclesiastical tonsure. In 1745, when the last 

 effort was made for the restoration of his family, 

 he assumed the command of troops assembled at 

 Dunkirk, to aid the operations of his brother in 

 Great Britain ; but the news of the battle of Cul- 

 loden prevented the embarkation of this armament, 

 and prince Henry returned to Rome. The visions 

 of regal splendour, in which he might have indulged, 

 being thus dissipated, he took holy orders, and, in 

 1747, pope Benedict XIV. raised him to^he purple. 

 He was subsequently made chancellor of the basilica 

 of St Peter, and bishop of Frascati. On the death 

 of his brother, in 1788, he assumed the barren title 

 to which the family had aspired, and caused a 

 medal to be struck, with the inscription, Henricus 

 Norms Anglice Rex, and on the obverse, Gratia 

 Dei, non Voluntate Hominum. When the French 

 conquered Italy, he was obliged to flee to Venice, 

 and was indebted for his support to a pension from 

 the English court. His death took place in 1807. 

 The valuable papers of his grandfather and his 

 father, which had remained in his possession, were, 

 after his decease, sent to England. 



STUART, Da GILBERT, an eminent historical 

 writer, born at Edinburgh, in 1742, was educated 

 in the university of that city, where his father was 

 professor of humanity, and was destined for the 

 legal profession, which he relinquished for that of 

 an author. In 1767, he published an Historical 

 Dissertation concerning the Antiquity of the British 

 Constitution, the merit of which procured him the 

 degree of LL.D. This was followed, a few years 

 after, by his View of Society in Europe, in its 

 Progress from Rudeness to Refinement. Being 

 disappointed in an attempt to obtain the professor- 

 ship of public law in the university of Edinburgh, 



he removed to London; and, from 1768 to 1774, 

 he was a contributor to the Monthly Review. He 

 then returned to his native city, and established 

 the Edinburgh Magazine and Review; but his 

 illiberal and virulent criticisms mined the credit of 

 the work, which was discontinued in 1776. About 

 this time, he published his Observations concerning 

 the Public Law and Constitutional History of Scot- 

 land (8vo.) ; the History of the Reformation in 

 Scotland (1780, 4to.); and the History of Scotland 

 (1782, 2 vols.) In the year last mentioned, he 

 again repaired to London, and engaged as a writer ; 

 but habits of intemperance had undermined his 

 constitution, and he once more returned to his 

 native place, where he died in 1786. His works 

 display erudition, industry, and sound judgment, 

 wherever the latter quality is not influenced by his 

 jealousy and hatred of contemporary writers. 



STUART, JAMES; a distinguished antiquarian 

 and architectural draughtsman, born in London, in 

 1713. His father having died when he was young, 

 he assisted his mother by practising fan-painting. 

 Prompted by his inclination, he studied anatomy, 

 geometry, and other branches of science; and 

 having, by his industry, provided for the support 

 of his younger brother and sister, set out, with a 

 very small supply of money, for Rome. He sup- 

 ported himself during his travels by the exercise of 

 his talents, and at Rome made acquaintance with 

 Nicholas Revett, a skilful architect, with whom he 

 went to Athens, in 1751. Here they remained 

 till the latter part of 1753, making drawings and 

 taking measurements of architectural relics. After 

 visiting Salonica, Smyrna, and some of the JEgean 

 islands, they returned to England, in the beginning 

 of 1755. The result of their labours appeared in 

 the work entitled the Antiquities of Athens (1st 

 vol. 1762, folio; 4th vol. 1816). A new and im- 

 proved edition of this valuable work has recently 

 been published. Stuart died in 1788. 



STUCCO (Italian} in architecture; a composi- 

 tion of white marble pulverized and mixed with 

 plaster of lime, which, being sifted and wrought up 

 with water, is used like common plaster. Archi- 

 tectural and sculptural ornaments, such as fruits, 

 flowers, garlands, festoons, &c., are made of it. 

 In the interior of buildings, stucco work is gene- 

 rally applied to the ceilings of apartments, the 

 mouldings, &c. On the exterior, it should be con- 

 fined to those parts which are not much exposed to 

 the rain. In some countries, a stucco of common 

 mortar and of plaster is applied to the outside of 

 houses, and is extremely durable. Vitruvius seems 

 to mention stucco in the second, third, and sixth 

 chapters of the seventh book, under the name of 

 opus albarium, or opus coronarium. Immediately 

 after the stucco is mixed, it forms a very soft and 

 ductile paste, which, however, soon hardens, and 

 then the desired form is given to it with moulds 

 or with a little spatula of iron. During this opera- 

 tion, it continues to harden, and may even be cut ; 

 and at this period, those parts of the ornaments are 

 executed which demand a nice finish. In a few 

 days, it acquires the consistence of dry clay, and 

 ultimately becomes hard like stone, and takes a 

 beautiful polish. 



STUDDING-SAILS: certain sails extending, 

 in moderate and steady breezes, beyond the skirts 

 of the principal sails, where they appear as wings 

 to the yard-arms. The top-mast and top-gallant 

 studding-sails are those which are set on the outside 

 of the top-sails and top-gallant sails. 



