STUTTGARD STYLE. 



433 



sounds, or table of articulations, with minute direc- 

 tions as to the proper. position of the organs in pro- 

 ducing the different sounds, may, likewise, in some 

 instances, prove useful to the patient. 



STUTTGARD, OR STUTTGART; capital of 

 the kingdom of Wiirtemberg, on the small river 

 Nesenbach; Ion. 9 ll'E.; lat. 48 46' N.; thirty- 

 five miles south-east of Carlesruhe, one hundred 

 and sixteen north-west of Munich; population in 

 1827, 22,000; with the military and strangers, 

 31,330. It is situated in a valley, two miles from 

 the Neckar, and is divided into three parts, the 

 town proper, two suburbs adjacent to each other, 

 and a separate suburb, called Eslingen. The town 

 proper is badly built, the" streets being narrow, and 

 the houses frequently of wood: the suburbs have a 

 better appearance, particularly that of Eslingen, 

 which contains the royal palace, gymnasium, bar- 

 racks, and other public buildings. The palace is a 

 noble structure, situated near an extensive park, 

 and contains a good collection of paintings, statues, 

 &c. The royal library contains 200,000 volumes, 

 including 12,000 copies of the Bible of different 

 editions. The town has a public library, an old 

 palace, mint, town house, great church, and royal 

 stables. Though surrounded by a wall and ditch, 

 Stuttgard is a place of no strength. The manu- 

 factures are on a small scale; the expenditures of 

 the court and nobility forming the chief support 

 of the inhabitants. The surrounding country is 

 fertile and delightful, consisting of eminences 

 covered with vineyards, and valleys laid out in 

 corn-fields. The Solitude, near Stuttgard, is a 

 beautiful country residence of the sovereign. Its 

 name is appropriate, for it stands quite isolated in 

 the middle of a large tract of strictly-preserved 

 country. The deer-park attached to it contains 

 1700 acres, and the park for wild-hogs 700 acres. 

 The wild-hogs have a feeding place in the forest, 

 where the king and his court shoot, the animals 

 being driven there by the huntsmen. 



STYE (kordeolum) ; a little tumor on the eye- 

 lids, resembling a barley-corn. The stye is strictly 

 only a little bile, which projects from the edge cf 

 the eyelids, mostly near the great angle of the eye. 

 This little tumor is of a dark red colour, much 

 inflamed, and a great deal more painful than might 

 be expected, considering its small size. The latter 

 circumstance is partly owing to the vehemence of 

 the inflammation producing the stye, and partly to 

 the exquisite sensibility and tension of the skin, 

 which covers the edge of the eyelids. On this 

 account, the hordeolum very often excites fever and 

 restlessness in delicate, irritable constitutions: it 

 suppurates slowly and imperfectly; and, when 

 suppurated, has no tendency to burst. The stye 

 forms an exception to the general rule, that the 

 best mode in which inflammatory swellings can 

 end, is resolution; for, whenever it extends so 

 deeply as to destroy any of the cellular substance, 

 the little tumor can never be resolved, or only im- 

 perfectly so. This event, indeed, would rather be 

 hurtful, since there would still remain behind a 

 greater or smaller portion of dead cellular mem- 

 brane, which, sooner or later, might bring on a 

 renewal of the stye, in the same place as before, or 

 else become converted into a hard, indolent body, 

 deforming the edge of the eyelid. 



STYLE, from fruXos, originally the instrument 

 with which the ancients wrote on hard substances, 

 came afterwards to signify the peculiar way of 

 expressing a thought or idea in language or form. 



Thought strives for manifestation. Its most effec- 

 tual instrument is language. The object of lan- 

 guage is to give an accurate picture of the thoughts 

 of the speaker to the person addressed. Hence it 

 must vary with the character of the persons spoken 

 to. It should always, however, be the natural 

 product of a man's own mind ; and when thoughts 

 are fully matured, they can be easily expressed by 

 one who has the richness of a cultivated lan- 

 guage at his command. A style of expression which 

 betrays the effect of imitation is always disagree- 

 able; and the more so the more perfect is the imi- 

 tation. It is body without spirit, the covering of 

 the pupa without the butterfly within. The study 

 of the style of others can be of advantage only as 

 it shows the connexion between their thoughts and 

 their manner of expression. The first requisite 

 of a good style is clear and independent thought. 

 Some have even considered it the only thing neces- 

 sary; but this is going too far. There is a certain 

 mechanical skill required, to find the best expres- 

 sion of a thought in a language which is the common 

 means of communication among millions of people, 

 all differing in character and circumstances; and it 

 would be mere loss of time for every one to attempt 

 to acquire this by his own experience, for which 

 he may not have a good opportunity ; but, unless 

 it is required, even the most highly gifted intellects 

 can produce but an imperfect effect. This circum- 

 stance, that we speak and write for others ; that 

 our expression, as far as regards ourselves, is the 

 effect of thought, whilst, as respects others, it is 

 intended to become the cause of thought, is, per 

 haps, the chief reason for studying style. Still, 

 however, we must repeat, that the most important 

 means for becoming clear to others, is to be clear 

 to ourselves. To excel in writing or speaking, as 

 to excel in music, painting, architecture, mathe- 

 matics, &c., original talent is the first thing neces- 

 sary; yet study is indispensable, and without it, 

 hardly any progress could be made in the various 

 branches of human activity. The collected expe- 

 rience of many furnishes principles for a theory of 

 style as well as of every art ; but this theory will 

 be of advantage only to him who has the main 

 requisites of clear and just thought. One of the 

 best general rules of style is to be as brief as per- 

 spicuity "allows ; though there are some exceptions, 

 particularly in the case of public speaking, in which 

 it is often necessary to dwell long on important ideas, 

 in order to afford the hearer time to comprehend 

 them fully. In writing, there are very few excep- 

 tions to the rule. Logical correctness of thought, 

 though essential to a good style, does not need to 

 be particularly treated of in discussing the theory 

 of style. It falls properly under the head of a <!is- 

 quisition on logic. Beauty of style consists in har- 

 monious expression, an easy flow, and a happy 

 connexion of ideas; in the avoidance of everything 

 which can offend good taste and decorum; in the 

 use of imagery fitted to strike and gratify the 

 imagination, &c. The two chief branches of style 

 are those of prose and poetry. (See these articles). 

 The ancient rhetoricians speak of a genus dicendi 

 tenue, medium, et sublime, or a lower, middle, and 

 higher style. No worn, however, necessarily falls, 

 from beginning to end, under either of these heads. 

 Style must sink or rise with the thoughts and 

 feelings expressed. The various relations of life, 

 and the various modes and subjects of communica- 

 tion, renders the division of prose into various 

 kinds of style necessary. Thus we have the didactic 

 2 E 



