SUABIAN ALPSSUBLIMATION. 



435 



Schwarzwald, intersects the western part of the 

 country, and the Siiabian Alps (see Alps, Suabian~) 

 stretch through the interior. The circle of Sua- 

 bia, comprising 13,150 square miles, with 2,200,000 

 inhabitants, was surrounded by France, Switzer- 

 land, the Austrian territories, Bavaria, Franconia, 

 and the circles of the Rhine. The soil is fertile, 

 the face of the country mountainous. The circle 

 comprised the sovereign bishoprics of Augsburg and 

 Constance, the princely provostship of Elwangen, 

 and the princely Abbey of Kempten ; the abbeys 

 of Salmansweiler, Weingarten, Ochsenhausen, El- 

 chingen, Irsee, Ursperg, Kaisersheim, Roggenburg, 

 Roth, Weissenau, Schussenried, Marchthal, Peters- 

 hausen, Wettenhausen, Zweifalten and Gengen- 

 bach, Neresheim, Heggbach, Guttenzell, Rothmiin- 

 ster, Baindt, Soflingen, Isni, Lindau and Buchau ; 

 the duchy of Wiirtemberg; the margraviate of 

 Baden ; the principalities of Hohenzollern and 

 Lichtenstein ; the landgraviates of Klettgau, Stiih- 

 lingen and Baar; the Teutonic commandery of 

 Alschhausen ; the counties (grafschaff) of Then- 

 gen, Heiligenberg, CEttingen, Friedberg-Scheer, 

 Konigsegg, Eberstein, Hohenems, Bondorf, Hohen- 

 geroldseck ; the lands of the counts Fugger; the 

 county and lordships of Truchsess of Waldburg: 

 the lordships of Trochtelfingen, Jungnau, Wiesen- 

 steig, Hausen, Mb'skirch, Tetnang, with Argen, 

 Mindelheim, Schwabeck, Gundelfingeni Justingen, 

 Eglof, Tannhausen and Burg, with Neusickingen, 

 and the thirty-one imperial free cities of Augsburg, 

 Ulm, Esslingen, Reutlingen, Nordlingen, Hall, 

 Ueberlingen, Rotweil, Heilbronu, Gemiind, Mem- 

 mingen, Lindau, Diinkelsbiihl, Biberach, Ravens- 

 burg, Kempten, Kaufbeuern, Weil, Wangen, Isny, 

 Leutkirch, Wimpfen, Giengen, Pfullendorf, Buch- 

 horn, Aalen, Bopfingen, Buchau, Offenburg, Gen- 

 genbach, Zell on the Hammersbach. Of these 

 numerous sovereignties, the possessions of the 

 Wiirtemberg, Baden and Fiirstenberg houses were 

 the most extensive. Wiirtemberg, Baden, the two 

 Hohenzollern lines, and Lichtenstein are the only 

 ones that have not been mediatized. (See Media- 

 tizatiori). The diets of the circle were commonly 

 held at Ulm, and in time of peace twice a year. 

 Austrian Suabia was composed of tfie hereditary 

 states of the house of Hapsburg, comprising Burgau, 

 Nellenburg, the prefectorate of Suabia, Hohenberg, 

 the Brisgau, Ortenan, and some towns and con- 

 vents, containing in all a population of about 

 170,000; but these have been renounced or ex- 

 changed. The kingdom of Wiirtemberg and the 

 grand duchy of Baden comprise at present the 

 greater part of Suabia. The kingdom of Bavaria 

 includes a part on the east side; and other portions 

 are subject to the princes of Hohenzollern and 

 Lichtenstein. (See Pfister's History of Suabia, 

 and Leichtlen's Suabia under the Romans, both in 

 German). See also our articles Germany, and Ho- 

 henstaufen. 



SUABIAN ALPS. See Alps, Suabian. 



SUABIAN POETS. See Minnesingers. 



SUADA, oa SUADELA; with the Greeks, 

 Peitho, the goddess of persuasion, whose worship 

 Theseus is said to have established at Athens, in 

 memory of the union of the scattered population of 

 Attica into one state. A statue of this goddess, 

 made by Praxiteles, stood in Athens, in the temple 

 of Aphrodite (Venus). She was represented as 

 belonging, with the Graces, to the company of 

 Venus. Some make Suada herself one of the 

 Gracec. 



I SUARD, JEAN BAPTISTE ANTHONY, a French 

 miscellaneous writer, born at Besan9on, in 1733, 

 was the editor of the Journal de Paris. During 

 the revolution, he conducted a publication entitled 

 Nouvelles Politiques, which professing to oppose 

 democracy, was suppressed, and he was forced to 

 quit France. When Bonaparte was first consul, he 

 returned, and became member of the legion of hon- 

 our, and of the national institute, and perpetual 

 secretary of the class of French literature. He 

 then established a journal called the Publiciste, 

 which was soon given up for the Archives Litter air es, 

 and the Opuscules Philosophiques. Suard was 

 familiar with English literature, and translated Ro- 

 bertson's Charles V., and History of America, with 

 several other English works. Many of the notices 

 of Englishmen in the Biographic Universelle are 

 from his pen. See Garat's Memoires historiques sur 

 Suard (1820). He died at Paris in 1817. 



SUBHASTATIO, in the civil law, is the pub- 

 lic sale of immovable property, to the highest bid- 

 der, as auction, in that law, is the sale of mobilia, 

 or personal property. Thejiisprimi liciti in some 

 countries, allows the first bidder at an auction sale 

 to take the article at the highest price bid ; but he 

 must declare his intention before the hammer falls. 

 The name subhastatio originated from the Roman 

 usage of planting a spear (hasta') on the spot where 

 a public sale was to take place. 



SUBJECT, in philosophy. (See Object.') In 

 ethics, subject often designates a free agent, in con- 

 tradistinction to things inanimate. In music, the 

 theme of a fugue is called subject. In politics, all 

 the people who owe allegiance to a monarch, have 

 been heretofore called the monarch's subjects, even 

 wnen his authority rested on a contract with the 

 people, and his power was limited. But the 

 French seem unwilling to allow this name to be ap- 

 plied to them since the revolution of 1830. The 

 use of the word in this application, by the minister 

 Montalivet, in the session of January 4, 1832, 

 caused much excitement in the chamber of deputies, 

 and ministers have since avoided it. Those per- 

 sons who are under the sway of a republic, without 

 participating in all the rights of those in whom the 

 sovereignty rests, are also called subjects. Thus 

 Hamburg calls the inhabitants of Ritzebiittel sub- 

 jects. 



SUBJECTIVE, AND SUBJECTIVITY. See 

 Object. 



SUBLIMATE, CORROSIVE. See Mercury. 



SUBLIMATION; a process by which volatile 

 substances are raised by heat, and again condensed 

 in a solid form. This chemical process differs from 

 evaporation only in being confined to solid sub- 

 stances. It is usually performed either for the pur- 

 pose of purifying certain substances, and disengag- 

 ing them from extraneous matters, or else to reduce 

 them into vapour, and combine them under that 

 form. As all fluids are volatilized by heat, and con- 

 sequently capable of being separated, in most cases, 

 from fixed matters, so various solid bodies are sub- 

 jected to a similar treatment. Fluids are said to 

 distil, and solids to sublime, though sometimes both 

 are obtained in one and the same operation. If the 

 subliming matter concretes into a solid, hard mass, 

 it is commonly called a sublimate; if into a powdery 

 form, flowers. The principal subjects of this oper- 

 ation are, volatile alkaline salts; neutral salts, com- 

 posed of volatile alkali and acids, as sal ammoniac ; 

 the salt of amber, and flowers of benzoin, mercurial 

 preparations, and sulphur. Bodies of themselves 

 2 E2 



