436 



SUBLIME PORTESUCKLING 



not volatile, are frequently made to sublime by the 

 mixture of volatile ones; thus iron is carried over 

 by sal ammoniac, in the preparation of the floras 

 murtialcs, or forrum ammoniatitm. The fumes of 

 solid bodies in close vessels rise but a little way, 

 and adhere to that part of the vessel where they 

 concrete. 



SUBLIME PORTE. See Turkey. 



SUBORNATION OF PERJURY. See Per- 

 jury. 



SUBSIDIES. With the Romans, the third line 

 of troops (corps de reserve}, which, in case of ne- 

 cessity, assisted the two first, was called subsidium. 

 Hence subsidiary is used in the sense of auxiliary. 

 The substantive subsidy is used to denote the pe- 

 cuniary assistance afforded, according to treaty, by 

 one government to another, sometimes to secure its 

 neutrality, but more frequently in consideration of 

 its furnishing a certain number of troops. Sub- 

 sidies, or supplies, in England, also denotes the 

 money granted by parliament to the government. 



SUBSTANCE (substantia), in a philosophical 

 sense, is contradistinguished to accident, and signi- 

 fies that which exists independently and unchange- 

 ably ; whilst accident denotes the changeable phe- 

 nomena in substance, whether these phenomena are 

 necessary or casual, in which latter case they are 

 called accidents, in a narrower sense. The rela- 

 tion of accident to substance is called the relation 

 of inherence, and corresponds to the logical rela- 

 tion of subject and predicate; because the substance 

 is the subject, to which are assigned the qualities, 

 states and relations as predicates- substance itself 

 is the essence, which is capable of these phenomena, 

 and, in spite of these changes, remains the same. 

 Some schoolmen gave the name of substance to that 

 in which exists our ideal of perfection ; others to a 

 thing which exists through itself and for itself. 

 Leibnitz calls substance that which contains in it- 

 self the cause of its changes. In natural science 

 and in common life, substance is used to designate 

 material beings, especially simple, inorganic bodies, 

 and the fundamental constituents of organic bodies ; 

 e. g. a liquid substance. But every substance which 

 falls within the scope of our observation, if we 

 understand by substance that which is unchangeable 

 in its phenomena, is only a relative one; i. e. is 

 such only in respect to some others, and is not un- 

 conditionally independent, but must be conceived 

 dependent upon one original cause of things. In 

 contradistinction to the relative substance, therefore, 

 we speak of absolute substance, as the one original 

 essence of all things ; and the relation of the latter 

 to the former has been variously considered. Spi- 

 noza has treated particularly of the one absolute 

 substance, and given to it infinite thought and in- 

 finite extension as inseparable attributes. 



SUBSTANTIVE. See Noun. 



SUBSTITUTION, in the civil law, is the ap- 

 pointment of an heir to succeed in case of the fail- 

 ure of one previously appointed. If the second 

 person is to succeed in case of the death of the first, 

 or of his not accepting the inheritance, the substi- 

 tution is called direct, if the first heir is bound to 

 convey the inheritance to the substitute or second 

 heir. This is &fidei-commissary substitution. (See 

 Fidei Commissa.) The former kind comprises the 

 vulgar substitution, which is merely the appoint- 

 ment of a second heir in case the first should not 

 inherit, and the pupillary substitution, which is the 

 appointment of an heir, by a father or grandfather, 

 in the name of a minor child, over whom he has 



paternal power, in case the latter should die a 

 minor. The mother cannot make a pupillary sub- 

 stitution. The latter ceases, 1. by the death of 

 the minor in question before the death of the testa- 

 tor ; 2. by his arriving at full age ; 3. by the pa. 

 ternal appointment failing to take effect ; 4. by the 

 withdrawing of the minor from the paternal power. 

 The quasi pupillary substitution (substitutio exem- 

 p/flm) is the appointment of an heir by parents for 

 an idiot child, in case the child should die in a state 

 of idiocy. If the child has lucid intervals, the 

 parents are not allowed to make such substitution; 

 otherwise, even the mother may do it. 



SUBT ANGENT OF A CURVE, in the higher 

 geometry, is the line which determines the inter- 

 section of the tangent with the axis, or that deter- 

 mines the point where the tangent cuts the axis 

 prolonged. 



SUBTENSE, in geometry; the same with the 

 chord of an arch. 



SUCCESSION POWDER. See Poudre de 

 Succession. 



SUCCINIC ACID; an acid derived from the 

 distillation of amber. By adding one twelfth part 

 of sulphuric acid, diluted with an equal weight of 

 water, the yield of acid is much increased. The 

 acid, being dissolved in hot water, and filtered, is 

 to be saturated with potash or soda, and boiled 

 with charcoal. The solution being filtered,-nitrate 

 of lead is added; whence results an insoluble suc- 

 cinate of lead; from which, by digestion in the 

 equivalent quantity of sulphuric acid, pure succinic 

 acid is separated. It is in white transparent crys- 

 tals, which possess a sharp taste, and powerfully 

 redden tincture of turnsole. It is soluble in both 

 alcohol and water. It forms salts with the alka- 

 lies and oxides. The succinates of potash and am- 

 monia are crystallizable and deliquescent. That of 

 soda does not attract moisture. The succinate of 

 ammonia is useful in analysis to separate oxide of 

 iron. 



SUCCORY. See Endive. 



SUCHET, Louis GABRIEL, duke of Albufera, 

 marshal of France, born at Lyons in 1770, entered 

 the military service at an early age (1790), and 

 passed rapidly through the inferior ranks. In 1796, 

 he was attached to the army of Italy, and attracted 

 the notice of general Bonaparte, by his courage, 

 boldness and caution. He then served with dis- 

 tinction under Massena and Joubert, and was one 

 of the most active and successful of Napoleon's 

 generals in the campaigns of 1805 and 1806. In 

 1808, he received the command of a division in 

 Spain, and was almost constantly victorious till 

 after the battle of Vittoria. His brilliant services 

 in that country obtained him the marshal's staff, 

 and the title of duke. After the restoration, Su- 

 chet was created peer of France. Having accep- 

 ted, under Napoleon, a command during the hun- 

 dred days, he was deprived of his seat on the 

 second restoration, but re-admitted in 1819. He 

 died in 1826. 



SUCKING FISH. See Echeneis. 



SUCKLING, SIR JOHN, a wit, courtier, and 

 dramatist, son of a knight of the same name, was 

 born in 1613, at Witham, in Middlesex. He is 

 said to have spoken Latin fluently at five years old, 

 and written it with ease and elegance at nine. 

 After lingering some time about the court, he was 

 despatched upon his travels, and served a campaign 

 under the celebrated Gustavus Adolphus, in the 

 course of which he was present at three battles and 



