438 



SUDERMANNL ANDSUFFOLK. 



in a serious insurrection, and an attack upon Sucre, 

 in which he was dangerously wounded, and lost an 

 arm. If his resolution had not already been taken, 

 these events would have served to hasten his de- 

 parture, with that of the auxiliary Colombian army, 

 which took place in August, 18:28, in consequence 

 of some hostile movements of the anti-Colombian 

 party, aided by general Gamarra, from Peru. Not- 

 withstanding this reverse in Bolivia, fortune soon 

 threw a new field of distinction in the way of 

 Sucre, in the war which now broke out between 

 Peru and Colombia. He was made commander of 

 the Colombian army of the south, and political 

 chief of the southern departments of the Colombian 

 republic, and led the troops in the series of military 

 operations which terminated in the battle of Tar- 

 qui, and the humiliating defeat and capitulation of 

 the Peruvians under general La Mar, February 26, 

 1829. Sucre became a member of the constituent 

 congress of 1830, and, on his return to Quito from 

 that body, was assassinated in the neighbourhood 

 of Pasto, in June, 1830, whether by private enemies 

 among the Pastusos, or by the instigation of some 

 of his political rivals, is not ascertained. It pro- 

 bably was the act of some of the Pastusos, who re- 

 membered the severities which the Colombian army 

 inflicted on them in the campaign of 1822, under 

 the orders of Sucre. 



SUDERMANNLAND. See Sweden. 



SUEABORG, OR SWEABORG; the northern 

 Gibraltar; a fortress of Russian Finland, on the 

 gulf of Finland ; three miles south of Helsingfors ; 

 population, exclusive of the garrison, 3500. The 

 harbour is capable of containing seventy men-of- 

 war, easily defended by batteries that sweep the 

 channel, forming the only entrance for large ships. 

 It is formed by several small islands, of which the 

 principal, called Margoe, contains the arsenals, 

 docks, basins, and magazines for fitting out or 

 repairing men-of war. 



SUETONIUS. Caius Suetonius Tranquillus, a 

 Roman writer, born of a plebeian family, flourished 

 about 100 A. D. Little is known of the circum- 

 stances of his life. He distinguished himself as an 

 advocate, obtained the tribuneship through the 

 influence of Pliny the younger, and was appointed 

 secretary (magister epistolarum') to the emperor 

 Adrian. From an expression of Spartian in his 

 Life of Adrian, we learn that Suetonius lost this 

 place, on account of his intimacy with the empress 

 Sabina; but the particulars of the affair are un- 

 known to us. Of the works of Suetonius, only 

 the Lives of the Twelve Caesars, and Notices of 

 celebrated Grammarians, Rhetoricians, and Poets, 

 are yet extant. The former work gives an inte- 

 resting account of the private life and personal 

 character of the twelve first Roman emperors, 

 from Julius Caesar to Domitian, and is of great 

 value to us from the light which it throws on 

 domestic manners and customs. The best editions 

 of Suetonius are those of Pitiscus (1714), Bur- 

 mann (1736), Oudendorp (1751), Wolf (1802), 

 and Baumgarten-Crusius (1816 seq.) There is an 

 English translation by Thomson. 



SUEUR, LE. See Lesueur. 



SUEVI ; the general name of a number of united 

 tribes, who, before the Christian era, inhabited the 

 greater part of Germany. The Hermunduri, Sem- 

 nones, Lombards, Angles, Vandals, Burgundians, 

 Rugii, and Heruli, were the most important, at 

 least the most known. In Caesar's time, they ad- 

 vanced to the Neckar and the Rhine. Tacitus says 



that their name was derived from the cue in which 

 they tied their hair. In the great migration of the 

 northern nations, the Suevi joined the Alans, 

 entered Gaul, and, in 409, Spain. After the Van- 

 dals had gune to Africa, the Suevi spread as fur as 

 Portugal. The Visigoths overcame them entirely 

 in 586, and their empire and name disappeared from 

 Spanish history. Those of them who remained 

 in Germany were the -ancestors of the present 

 Suabians. 



SUEZ, a city of Egypt, on the borders of Arabia 

 (Ion. 32 28' E.; lat. 29 59' N.), is remarkable 

 for its situation at the north end of the Red sea, 

 and on the south border of the isthmus to which it 

 gives name. It was formerly a flourishing mart, 

 being at once the emporium of the trade with India, 

 and the rendezvous of the numberless pilgrims, 

 who, from various parts of the Turkish empire, 

 resorted to Mecca. The assemblage of these, 

 though the stationary population was never large, 

 produced an immense crowd. When Niebuhr 

 was there, Suez appeared to him as populous as 

 Cairo. Since that time, it has greatly declined, in 

 consequence both of the diminution of the general 

 trade of the Red sea, and of the concourse to Mecca. 

 It also sustained great injury from the French. 

 The population is now -only about 500. Suez, 

 though a maritime place, is so situated that vessels 

 cannot approach nearer than two and a half .miles. 

 The surrounding country is a mere bed of rock, 

 slightly covered with sand. It is, however, the 

 channel of much of the trade of Cairo to Arabia 

 and India, and of the whole of that to Syria and 

 Palestine. It is without walls ; has 500 stone 

 houses, of which more than one half were destroyed 

 by the French, and still continue in ruins. The 

 canal which formerly connected the gulf of Suez 

 with the Nile, is now choked up. 



SUFFETES. See Carthage. 



SUFFOCATION. The three ordinary modes 

 of suffocation, or death by the interruption of the 

 breath, are, hanging, drowning, and the respiration 

 of fixed air, or carbonic acid gas. The same result 

 takes place from either of these causes, which is 

 described under the article Drowning, and the same 

 process is required for the restoration of animation. 

 In the instance of suffocation by carbonic acid air, , 

 whether arising from mines, lime-kilns, or vats of 

 fermenting liquor, the vital powers become more 

 speedily extinct. 



SUFFOLK ; a maritime county of England, 

 bounded on the east by the German ocean, on the 

 south by Essex, on the north by Norfolk, and on 

 the west by Cambridgeshire. It extends about forty- 

 eight miles in length, and twenty-seven in breadth. 

 It is divided into twenty-one hundreds, and 575 

 parishes, which are governed ecclesiastically by 

 the bishop of Norfolk, aided by the archdeacons of 

 Sudbury and Suffolk. The county is bounded 

 both on the south and west by navigable rivers, 

 and is intersected by numerous streams. The 

 navigable rivers are, the Lark, which joins the 

 Great Ouse near Mildenhall; the Waveny, which 

 runs due north to the Yar ; the Stour, which rises 

 on the western border, passes by Sudbury, Nayland, 

 and after receiving the Breton from the north-west, 

 forms a wide estuary opening to the sea at Harwich ; 

 the Gipping, which is formed by the union of three 

 small streams, near Stow-Market. runs south-east- 

 ward, by Needham-Market, to Ipswich, where it 

 takes the name of the Orwell, and expanding into 

 an estuary, unites with that of the Stour to form 



