443 



SUHM SULLA. 



here are highly esteemed. Population, 5800; 

 twenty-eight miles south-west of Erfurt. 



SUHM, PETER FREDERIC VON, Danish chamber- 

 lain and historiographer at Copenhagen, born in 

 1728, was a philosopher, poet and historian. His 

 father, a Danish admiral, educated him carefully. 

 He died, in 1798, at Copenhagen. Suhm possessed 

 a large fortune, which he used in aid of charitable 

 objects and literary enterprises. He acquired repu- 

 tation, as a critic and philosopher, by his moral 

 essays and treatises of practical utility, as a poet, 

 by his Northern Idyls and Tales, and as a classical 

 historian, by his works on the history of his coun- 

 try. His library contained 100,000 volumes. He 

 supported a librarian, and paid large sums for copy- 

 ing manuscripts, and in aid of poor students. The 

 library was open to every one. Of his numerous 

 works we need only mention his Scriptorum Rerum 

 Dnnice Medii JEvi ; his Introduction to the Criti- 

 cal History of Denmark (176973, 5 vols., 4to.) ; 

 the Critical History of Denmark during the Pagan 

 Ages (1774 81, 4 vols.) ; the Modern History of 

 Denmark (of which seven volumes have been pub- 

 lished, the first of which appeared in 1782). His 

 miscellaneous works were collected and reprinted, 

 M-ith an account of his life, at Copenhagen (1788 

 98, 15 vols.). 



SUICIDE. See Homicide. 

 SUIDAS; a Greek grammarian, who lived, ac- 

 cording to some, in the eleventh century, according 

 to others, in the tenth. He wrote an encyclopedia, 

 particularly relating to geographical and historical 

 subjects, which, though not perfectly accurate, is 

 yet important, as it contains many things not to be 

 found elsewhere. The best edition is that of 

 K iister (Cambridge, 1705, 3 vols., folio). 



SUIR; a river of Ireland, which takes its ris 

 in the Keeper Mountains, in the county of Tipper- 

 ary, and flowing past the towns of Thurles, Cashel 

 and Cakir, reaches Clonmel, where it becomes na- 

 vigable by large barges. At Canick sloops may 

 float, and at Waterford quay vessels of the largest 

 class lay along side the wharf in deep water. After 

 a course of ninety miles the Suir is augmented by 

 the water of the Nore and Barrow, and their united 

 rolumes poured on into the Lea in the haven of 

 Water. 



SUIT AT LAW. See Action. 

 SULIOTS; a mixed people of Arnaout and 

 Greek descent, speaking the Arnaout and the 

 Romaic dialects. They derive their origin from 

 Arnaout and Grecian shepherds, who, in the seven- 

 teenth century, settled in the Cassiopeian moun- 

 tains, occupying a wild valley, enclosed on three 

 sides by almost inaccessible mountains, and acces- 

 sible on the fourth only by a narrow defile. Here 

 their numbers had increased, towards the end of 

 the last century, to 10,000 souls, in seventy vil- 

 lages, of which Suli or Souli was the capital'of the 

 district. The Suliots are of the Greek church ; 

 their government was republican. They are brave, 

 hardy, active, resolute and faithful. When, after 

 a struggle of twelve years, Ali Pacha (q. v.) had 

 rather reduced them to despair than conquered 

 them (1803), they abandoned their country, and 

 entered the service of the powers who had posses- 

 sion of the Ionian Islands. But when Ali found 

 himself hard pressed by the Turks and deserted by 

 the Albanians, he recalled the Suliots to his as- 

 sistance. Their brave leader, Marco Botzaris, 

 gained some brilliant successes; but the tyrant, 

 who trusted neither the Suliots nor the other 



Greeks, perished in 1822. The Albanians then 

 joined the Turks ; but the Suliots remained true 

 to the cause of Grecian liberty. Suli, however, 

 was reduced by famine, September 4, 1822, and 

 3000 SuJiots embarked in British ships for Cepha- 

 lonia: the rest dispersed themselves in the nioun 

 tains. The younger Marco Botzaris, son of the 

 above mentioned leader of the same name, threw 

 himself into Missolonghi, which he successfully de- 

 fended, and afterwards fell at Carpinitzi. (See 

 Greece, Revolution of.*) His uncle, Noto Botzaris, 

 defended Missolonghi in 1826. (See Missolonyhi.} 

 The corps of 500 men, raised and equipped by lord 

 Byron at his own expense, was composed of Suliots, 

 for whom he had a great admiration. See Byron. 

 SULLA, or S YLL A, Lucius CORNELIUS, Roman 

 dictator, was born at Rome, U. C. 617 (B. C. 137), 

 of the old and noble, but reduced, family of the 

 Cornelii. He received a good education, but in- 

 dulged himself in excessive dissipation and debauch- 

 ery. A large fortune, partly left him by a courtesan, 

 and partly obtained by marriage, enabled him to 

 take a distinguished rank among the Roman knights, 

 and to turn his attention to the career of ambition. 

 He served, with brilliant success, as questor in 

 Africa ; and it was through his instrumentality that 

 Bocchus was prevailed upon to surrender Jugurtha 

 to the Romans aii event which terminated the 

 Numidian war. Sulla next served under Marius 

 in the Cimbrian war, until, to avoid the jealousy of 

 the latter, he joined the army of the consul Catu- 

 lus, and having twice defeated the Samnites, was 

 chosen pretor. Having passed the year of his pre- 

 torship at Rome, he was, at the expiration of his 

 term, appointed to the government of Asia Minor, 

 where he established Ariobarzanes upon the throne 

 of Cappadocia, and completely subdued Gordius, 

 guardian of a son of Mithridates, then on the throne, 

 in a single battle. He then concluded an alliance 

 with the king of the Parthians, and conductedhimself 

 with so much haughtiness that one of the Cappado- 

 cians present exclaimed, " Surely this man is or will 

 be master of the world." In the social war, in which 

 Sulla and Marius were at the head of two separate 

 armies, the indefatigable activity and daring courage 

 of the former threw the reputation of the latter into 

 the shade. Yet he himself declared that fortune had 

 a greater share in his success than his own "merit ; and 

 he readily accepted the surname of Felix (fortunate.) 

 The consulship was the reward of his services 

 (B. C. 88) ; and the province of Asia, with the 

 conduct of the war against Mithridates, fell to his 

 lot. But Marius was also ambitious of this com- 

 mand, and procured a decree of the people that it 

 should be intrusted to him. Sulla therefore entered 

 Rome at the head of his army, and, after setting a 

 price on the head of his enemy, finally sailed for 

 Greece, a great part of which had been conquered 

 by Mithridates. Here his good fortune still fol- 

 lowed him. He expelled Mithridates from Europe, 

 pursued him into the heart of his Asiatic dominions, 

 was victorious in every direction, and finally granted 

 peace, on his own terms, to the enemy, on account 

 of the state of affairs in Italy. During his three 

 years' absence from Italy, his enemies had regained 

 the superiority in Rome. Marius had been recalled ; 

 the blood of the friends of Sulla had been shed 

 in torrents; he himself had been proscribed, and 

 his property confiscated. Marius, exhausted by age 

 and tortured by a guilty conscience, left his bed 

 to oppose the return of his rival (see Marius), but 

 died soon after entering upon his seventh consulship. 



