WICKLIFF WICKLOW. 



nmnication with them. He was, however, allowed 

 to retire unmolested to his rectory at Lutterworth, 

 where he continued to preach, and completed a trans- 

 lation of the Scriptures, in which he had engaged some 

 years before. In 1383, he was seized with palsy ; and 

 this attack furnished him with an excuse for not 

 making his appearance to a citation of pope Urban VI. 

 A. second paralytic stroke terminated his life on the 

 31st of December, 1384 ; but his doctrines, or ra- 

 ther his spirit, survived him ; and however his suc- 

 cessors might vary from him in their exposition of 

 mysterious dogmas, they owed to him the example 

 of an open attack, by a learned clergyman, upon 

 the authority of the church and the jurisdiction of 

 the supreme pontiff. Payne, one of his disciples, 

 carried his system into Bohemia, where it flourished 

 in spite of persecution, and awakened the zeal of 

 Huss, who, although he did not adopt all the doc- 

 trines of Wickliff, seems to have shared his hos- 

 tility to the Roman clergy. (See Oldcastle, Huss, 

 and Reformation). "The new opinions on reli- 

 gion which now arose," says Mackintosh (History 

 of England), " mingled with the general spirit of 

 Christianity, in promoting the progress of emanci- 

 pation, and had their share in the few disorders 

 which accompanied it. (See Wat Tyler). Wick- 

 liff, the celebrated reformer, had now become one 

 of the most famous doctors of the English church. 

 His lettered education rendered him no stranger to 

 the severity with which Dante and Chaucer had 

 lashed the vices of the clergy, without sparing the 

 corruptions of the Roman see itself. His theological 

 learning and mystical piety led him to reprobate the 

 whole system of wealth and worldliness, by which 

 a blind bounty had destroyed the apostolical sim- 

 plicity and primitive humility of the Christian reli- 

 gion. Viewing doctrines in this light, he might 

 occasionally fluctuate in his feelings or language 

 respecting them, without being liable to any grave 

 imputation of inconsistency. This temper, how- 

 ever, adds to the difficulty of ascertaining his opi- 

 nions : necessarily progressive, they could not have 

 been the same at every period of life. It is possi- 

 ble, that if he sometimes yielded to authority, he 

 might have been actuated more by sincere defer- 

 ence than by personal apprehension." The works 

 of Wickliff are numerous, but most of them remain 

 in manuscript, in the libraries of Oxford, Cambridge, 

 and Dublin, the British museum, and Lambeth. 

 Among those which have been printed, are Trialo- 

 gus (1525, 4to. ; republished at Frankfort, 1753, 

 4to.), containing a body of theology, in the form of 

 a conversation between Truth, Falsehood, and 

 Wisdom ; Wickliff *s Wicket, or a Learned and 

 Godly Treatise of the Sacrament (Nuremberg, 1546, 

 8vo. ; reprinted Oxford, 1612, 4to.) ; the Prologue 

 to his Translation of the Bible, published by R. 

 Crowley, under the title of the Pathway to Perfect 

 Knowledge (1550, 12mo.) ; and his version of the 

 New Testament (first edited by the reverend J. 

 Lewis, London, 1731, folio, and more recently by 

 Baber, 1810, 4to.). The version of the Old Tes- 

 tament remains unprinted. Wickliff was a bold and 

 original speculator, both in religion and politics; 

 and the influence of his writings on the state of 

 public opinion in Germany, may be estimated from 

 the proceedings against him at the council of Con- 

 stance, after his death, when, his sentiments being 

 condemned on the score of heresy, his bones were 

 ordered to be taken up and burnt ; and this sen- 

 tence was afterwards (J425) executed. Among 

 many biographical memoirs relating to him, may be 



mentioned the Life and Opinions of John de Wyc- 

 liffe, principally from his unpublished Manuscripts, 

 by Robert Vaughan (2 vols., 8vo., 1828), and Le- 

 bas's Life of Wickliff (1832). 



WICKLOW, a martime county of Ireland. It 

 is bounded by the sea on the east, by Dublin 

 county on the north, by Kildare, Dublin and Car- 

 low, on the west, and by Wexford on the south. 

 It is about forty English miles long and thirty-three 

 broad, and contains 781 square miles, or about 

 500,000 English acres. It contains fifty-eight 

 parishes, of which forty-nine are in the bishopric 

 of Dublin, six in the diocese of Loughlin, and three 

 in that of Ferns. The county is divided into six 

 baronies and half baronies. A great part of Wick- 

 low is occupied with rocky mountains and bogs. 

 In the north and west the mountains are bold and 

 rugged, but in the east they are separated by fine 

 wooded and romantic glens, such as those of Dar- 

 gle, the Downs, the vale of Immalee, and Glendal- 

 loch. The central mountains consist of granite ; 

 and argillaceous schistus composes the lower hills. 

 On the north is the remarkable chasm in a ridge of 

 granite called the Scalp. The minerals of Wick- 

 low are gold, lead, and copper. Native gold has 

 been found on the north-east side of the mountains, 

 Croughan Kenshela, in a stream which falls into 

 the Ovoco. In 1796, 10,000 worth was found 

 in pieces, one of which weighed nine, another 

 eighteen, and a third twenty-seven ounces. Go- 

 vernment then explored the mines, but no veins 

 were found, and the works were abandoned. Lead 

 has been wrought at Glenmaher and Glendallocb, 

 at the latter of which places there were, in 1809, 

 three smelting houses, and about 18,000 cwt. of 

 bar iron were made weekly. Copper has been 

 wrought to a considerable extent at Cronebane and 

 Ballymurtagh. The works at Cronebane produced, 

 in 1809, 3,000 tons of ore at a cost of 8,000. 

 The works are now discontinued. Oxide of tin was 

 found in the same stream in which gold occurred. 



Wicklow has no river navigable within ha 

 limits. The Liffey rises in the north-west of the 

 county. The Ovoco runs into the sea at Arklow, 

 the Fartrey does the same at Wicklow, and the 

 Slaney rises in the south-west of the county. 

 Five of the streams produce fine waterfalls, the 

 principal of which is at Powerscourt, 360 feet high. 

 The chief lakes are Lough Bray, Lough Tay, 

 Lough Dan, and the Loughs of the Seven Churches. 



The climate of Wicklow is remarkably fine, es- 

 pecially on the east coast. The myrtle grows in 

 such profusion as to be used for stable brooms, and 

 grapes ripen out of doors. The principal crops 

 are wheat, barley, oats, and potatoes. Summer 

 fallow being little known, the wheat follows the 

 potatoe crops, and sometimes it is taken after 

 white crops, or upon the lea. The barley comes 

 after potatoes or turnips. The crops are uncom- 

 monly abundant, though the soil is of a light 

 quality. Dung, marl, and limestone gravel, are 

 the chief manure. Scotch agricultural implements 

 are now in general use. Most of the improved 

 breeds of cattle have been introduced. The 

 dairies, which are numerous, are employed chiefly 

 in feeding veal for the Dublin market. In the north, 

 early lambs are fattened to a considerable extent. 

 The mountains of Wicklow afford good pasturage 

 for sheep. The number of breeding ewes is about 

 20,000. The South Down are common, and many 

 of the native flocks have been crossed with them. 

 Merinos have also been introduced. 





