68 



WINCHESTER BUSHEL -WINCKELM ANN. 



as a nursery for his New College at Oxford. The 

 foundation provides for a warden, ten fellows, 

 seventy scholars, one master, three chaplains, be- 

 sides many subordinate members. The build- 

 ings consist of two quadrangles, a cloister, library, 

 and a large modern school-room. The windows of 

 the chapel are filled with stained glass ; and over 

 the altar is a picture (by Le Moine) of the Saluta- 

 tion. The tower, built in the fifteenth century, 

 is remarkable for its symmetry. Over the school- 

 room door is a bronze statue of Wykeham, cast by 

 Ciber (1692). The ecclesiastical buildings in this 

 city were formerly numerous, the churches and 

 chapels alone amounting to upwards of ninety, and 

 several having colleges and monasteries attached 

 to them. Scarcely twelve of them now remain. 

 Here are several meeting-houses for dissenters. 

 Near the college are the ruins of the celebrated 

 episcopal residence, called Wolvesey castle, de- 

 stroyed by Cromwell, in 1646. Winchester castle, 

 built by William the Conqueror, occupied the spot 

 where the palace, erected by Charles II., now 

 stands, and which, during the war, was converted 

 into a barrack. The area of the castle was about 

 850 feet in length, north and south, and 250 in 

 breadth. The chapel belonging to the castle has 

 been converted into a county hall. At the east 

 end is suspended the curiosity called Arthur's 

 round table, which tradition has attributed to king 

 Arthur. Near the cathedral is the Widow's col- 

 lege, founded by bishop Morley, for the relicts of 

 deceased clergymen. The city contains two alms- 

 houses, and a great number of charitable bequests 

 belong to it. In the town-hall are the city ar- 

 chives, the original Winchester bushel, given by 

 King Edgar, with other measures, both for quantity 

 and length, fixed as standards by succeeding princes, 

 and various curious memorials of antiquity. At the 

 west end of the town is an obelisk, having an in- 

 scription commemorative of the calamities occa- 

 sioned by the plague, in 941, 1348, and 1668. 

 Two members are sent to parliament. Winchester 

 has very little trade. An ancient wool-combing 

 manufactory still exists in it ; and, of late years, 

 the silk manufacture has been introduced. There 

 is a navigable river or canal to Southampton. All 

 the public business of Hampshire is, however, 

 transacted here. Its cathedral and its college en- 

 sure to it the residence, also, of a considerable 

 number of the superior clergy, with their families. 

 Population, in 1831, 9,212; in 1841, 10,732. 



WINCHESTER BUSHEL ; the English stand- 

 ard until 1826, when the imperial standard bushel 

 was introduced. (See Measures). The Winches- 

 ter bushel is eighteen and a half inches wide and 

 eight inches deep, and contains 2150-42 cubic in- 

 ches, while the imperial standard bushel contains 

 2218-40 cubic inches. To convert Winchester 

 bushels into imperial bushels, multiply the Win- 

 chester measure by 31, and divide by 32. The 

 name of the old measure was derived from the cir- 

 cumstance that the standard measure was kept at 

 Winchester. 



WINCKELMANN, JOHN JOACHIM. This 

 scholar, who has done so much for the criticism 

 and history of art, and the study of antiques, was 

 born at Stendal, in Altmark, Dec. 9, 1717, and was 

 the son of a shoemaker. Extreme poverty could 

 not suppress his early-awakened love of study. 

 The schoolmaster of his native place, soon became 

 attached to him, and took him into his family. Af- 

 ter having made considerable proficiency in Greek 



and Latin, he went, in 1735, to a gymnasium at 

 Berlin, and thence on foot to Hamburg, in order to 

 purchase some ancient classics, with money begged 

 on the way. In 1738, he entered the university of 

 Halle, where he lived for two years on a small sti- 

 pend, and the contributions of others ; but, as an- 

 cient literature and the belles-lettres interested him 

 more than theology, he neglected the lectures, but 

 assiduously frequented the libraries, and occupied 

 himself with the ancients. After having been n 

 private tutor and an usher for a number of years, 

 during which he pursued his studies with indefati- 

 gable zeal, he applied, in 1748, to the minister, 

 count von Biinau, of Nothenitz, near Dresden, and 

 offered his services as a librarian. The count had 

 already a librarian, but expressed his willingness to 

 appoint him secretary of the library, with a salary 

 of eighty rix-dollars. He accepted the offer, and 

 lived some years employed partly in his private 

 studies, partly in labour for the count. The proxi- 

 mity of Dresden, with its rich treasures of art, and 

 the acquaintance of some artists, awakened in him 

 a love of the arts. To visit Italy, the native coun- 

 try and the home of the arts, was now the great 

 object of his wishes. At length, father Rauch, the 

 confessor of the king of Poland, enabled him to live 

 in Rome by a small pension. In 1744, he formally 

 embraced the Catholic religion, and left the service 

 of count Biinau ; but, before going to Rome, he 

 remained for a time in Dresden, devoted to the study 

 of the arts. In the autumn of 1755, he set out for 

 Rome, with a pension from the king of 200 rix- 

 dollars for two years. There lie soon found friends 

 and patrons, and had an audience of Benedict XIV. 

 who received him graciously, and promised him his 

 protection. Winckelmann now devoted himself to 

 the study of the works of ancient and modern art. 

 In the spring of 1758, he visited Naples, where he 

 became acquainted with the most distinguished 

 men, and obtained access to the antiquities of Por- 

 tici, Herculaneum, and Pompeii. After an absence 

 of ten weeks, he returned to Rome. In Septem- 

 ber, 1758, at the repeated invitation of count Mun- 

 zel Stosch, who had inherited from his uncle one 

 of the richest and most beautiful cabinets of gems, 

 he paid a visit to Florence, where he spent nine 

 months in arranging and making a catalogue of that 

 collection. This catalogue appeared at Florence, 

 under the title Description des Pierres gravees du 

 feu Baron de Stosch. About this time, he accept- 

 ed the situation of librarian, and superintendent of 

 antiquities to cardinal Albani, who gave him the 

 use of his house, and a salary of 120 scudi. In 

 the summer of 1760, he finished the Anmerkungen 

 uber die Baukunst der Alien, which was publish- 

 ed two years after in Germany. In 1762, Winc- 

 kelmann, in company with count Briihl, again 

 visited Naples and its remarkable environs, and 

 soon after gave the discoveries and observations 

 made there to the public, in his Letter to Count 

 Briihl respecting the discoveries made at Hercu- 

 laneum. Five years afterwards, he published his 

 Monumenti antichi inediti, in the Italian language, 

 and for the benefit of the Italians. In 1763, he 

 published a small essay On the Perception of the 

 Beautiful. In the same year, he was made super- 

 intendent of all the antiquities in and about Rome, 

 with a monthly salary of 12 15 scudi. In the 

 beginning of 1764, appeared his principal work, 

 Geschichte der Kunst. In the same spring, he 

 made a third journey to Naples, the results of 

 which he published in the Nachrichten von der 



