WINCKELRIED WIND. 69 



neuesten Herculanischen Entdeckungen. In 1767, ! velocities and forces of winds drawn from a consi- 



he published Notes to his History of Art. In 



April, 1768, he set out on a journey to Germany. 



He arrived at Vienna May 12, and was received 



with great honour by prince Kaunitz and others, 



and was presented, at Schonbrunn, to the empress 



Maria Theresa, who received him with distinction, 



and bestowed upon him presents of value ; and, in 



the beginning of June, he departed for Trieste. 



There he was joined by an Italian, named Fran- 

 cesco Arcangeli, a villain, who had been, a short 

 time before, condemned to death in Vienna, but 

 had been pardoned, and banished from the country. 

 His obsequiousness won the confidence of the un- 

 suspecting Winckelmann, who thoughtlessly show- 

 ed him his gold medals, and other articles of value. 

 Arcangeli undertook the care of the affairs of the 

 journey, while Winckelmann remained in the inn. 

 June 8, as he sat writing at table, the Italian en- 

 tered his chamber to announce his sudden departure, 

 and to take leave. He asked to see once more the 

 gold medals ; and while Winckelman was kneeling 

 before the box, about to take them out, the Italian 

 threw a noose around his neck, and inflicted five 

 mortal stabs in the belly of the unfortunate man, 

 and then fled without taking any thing. He was 

 subsequently apprehended, and broken on the wheel. 



Winckelmann expired in a few hours, having made 

 his will, in which he appointed cardinal Albani his 

 sole heir. His manuscript of the second edition of 

 the Geschichte der Kunst, which he carried about 

 him, came into the possession of the imperial aca- 

 demy of fine arts at Vienna, which, in 1776, caused 

 an edition to be published from it. The great me- 

 rit of Winckelmann consists in his elucidation of 

 the principles of art, and his exhibition of the works 

 of art in their true character and connexion. His 

 treatises, moreover, contain a great mass of histori- 

 cal illustrations. With the exception of the Monu- 



Currents thus produced may be permanent and 

 general, extending over a large portion of the globe ; 

 periodical, as in the Indian ocean, or variable and 

 occasional, or, at least, uncertain, as the winds in 

 temperate climates. General or permanent winds 

 blow always nearly in the same direction, and are 

 called trade-winds. On the north of the equator, 

 their direction is from the north-east (varying at 

 times a point or two of the compass each way) : 

 on the south of the equator, they proceed from the 

 south-east. The origin of them is this : The 

 powerful heat of the torrid zone rarefies, or makes 

 lighter, the air of that region : the air, in conse- 

 quence of this rarefaction, rises, and, to supply its 



menti inediti, the Description des Pierres gravees, place, a colder atmosphere from each of the tem- 



-.11- ..a f, i, 11 , . 1 p era t e zones moves towards the equator. But (as 



in the case of the polar currents in the ocean) these 

 north and south winds pass from regions where the 

 rotatory motion of the earth's surface is less to 

 those where it is greater. Unable at once to ac- 

 quire this new velocity, they are left behind, and, 

 instead of being north and south winds, as they 

 would be if the earth's surface did not turn round, 

 they become north-east and south-east winds. The 

 space included between the second and fifth degrees 

 of north latitude is the internal boundary of the two 

 winds ; and this space experiences calms, frequent- 

 ly interrupted, however, by violent storms. The 

 reason why it is situated to the north of, instead 

 of exactly at, the equator, seems to be, that the 

 northern hemisphere is warmer than the southern ; 

 for, since the trade-winds are the result of the con- 

 tinual ascent of heated air in the equatorial parts, 

 their internal boundary will be where the principal 

 ascent is going on, that is, where the annual tem- 

 perature is the highest, which, on account of the 

 above-mentioned inequality of temperature in the 

 two hemispheres, will not be at the equator, but 

 somewhat to the north of it. The external limits 

 of the trade-winds are, at a medium, in about the 

 thirtieth degrees of north and south latitude re- 

 spectively ; but each limit, as the sun approaches 

 the neighbouring tropic, declines farther from thu 

 equator. The position of the sun has an influence, 

 also, on their strength and direction; for, when 

 that luminary is near the tropic of Cancer, the 

 south-east wind becomes gradually more southerly, 



and the various collections of letters, all his works 

 may be found in the edition begun by Fernow, and 

 finished by Meyer and Schulze (Dresden, 1808 17, 

 7 vols.) See Gothe's excellent treatise Winckel- 

 mann und sein Jahrhundert. A supplement to the 

 biographical and literary notices of Winckelmann 

 has been published by Gurlitt, (Hamburg, 1820.) 



WINCKELRIED. See Winhelried. 



WIND ; a sensible current in the atmosphere. 

 The motions of the atmosphere are subject in some 

 degree, to the same laws as those of the denser 

 fluids. If we remove a portion of water in a large 

 reservoir, we see the surrounding water flow in to 

 restore the equilibrium; and, if we impel in any 

 direction a certain portion, an equal quantity moves 

 in a contrary direction, from the same cause ; or 

 if a portion, being rarefied by heat, or condensed by 

 cold, ascends in the one instance, and descends in 

 the other, a counter-current is the visible and natu- 

 ral result ; and similar effects are found to follow 

 the same causes in the atmospheric fluid ; thus no 

 wind can blow without a counter or opposite cur- 

 rent ; nor can any wind arise without a previous 

 derangement of the general equilibrium, the gene- 

 ral causes of which may be stated as follows : 

 1. The ascent of the air over certain tracts heated 

 by the sun ; 2. evaporation, causing an actual in- 

 crease in the volume of the atmosphere ; 3. rain, 

 snow, &c., causing an actual decrease in its volume, 

 by the destruction of the vapour. In the Philoso- 

 phical Transactions of the Royal Society of Lon- 

 don, (vol. 51st), there is a table of the different 



