YUG YVETOT. 



dements on tbe east coast of Yuratnn for procuring 

 logwood, the chief of which is at Bailee. 



YUG, in the Hindoo theology ; the name of the 

 nges of the world. The duration of the universe 

 was fixed by the deity at 12,000 divine years, ench 

 of which contains 360 human \ :u - ; so that the 

 whole amount is equal to 4,320,000 human years. 

 This duration was divided into four ages, which are 

 to each other as 4, .'!, 2, 1. The first age, Krita- 

 Yiift, compiises4000; the second Treta-Yug, 3000; 

 the third, Dwapnr-Yuy, 2000; the fourth, Kuli- 

 Yuy, 1000 divine years. After each age, is a period 

 of darkness, the first of 800, the second of 600, the 

 third of 400, and the fourth of 200 divine years, 

 which complete the period of 12,000 years. The 

 whole period is called Maha Yug, the great Yug, or 

 Sadir Yug, a period of four ages. 1000 Mnha-Yvgs 

 form the day of Brama, from morning to evening; 

 and an equal number his night, when he sleeps ; the 

 consequence of which i the dissolution of the uni- 

 verse into its original elements; so that every thing 

 is sunk in a great sea. When Brama wakes, every 

 thing revives. 360 such days form Brama's year, 

 and he lives 100 such years. Upon his death a 

 general dissolution again takes place, and lasts 100 

 years of Brama: then Brama is born again, and the 

 worlds begin their old alternation of existence and 

 dissolution. The whole life of Brama, is one day 

 of Vishnu, from morning to evening. 360 such days 

 make his year. He lives 100 years, and remains 

 dead an equal period. Siva alone is immortal. This 

 is evidently the doctrine of the votaries of Siva, 

 while the worshippers of Vishnu claim a similar 

 pre-eminence for their god. In the Bhagavat-Purana, 

 it is further observed, that, during the day of Bra- 

 ma, or 1000 Maha-Yugs, fourteen dynasties (man- 

 txintaras") of men and gods follow each other ; eadi, 

 therefore, continues about 71 Maha-Yugs. Each 

 has the name of its first ruler. We live in the 

 seventh. Rhode has shown that Buddhism and 

 Bramaism are mingled in this fable of the Yugs. 

 The Yugs are also distinguished in a moral respect. 

 As in the Persian, so in the Indian theology, virtue 

 is made to decline in each successive age. It is 

 represented under the figure of a steer, standing, in 

 the first age, on four legs ; in the second, on three ; in 

 the third, on two ; and in the fourth, on one. The 

 Zend-Avesta also says, in the first 1000 years Or- 

 muzd and the good rule alone ; in the second, Ahri- 

 man begins to appear in the third, the influence of 

 Ormuzd and Ahriman is equal ; and, in the fourth, 

 Ahriman's power is superior. The present is the 

 last age of the world, the Kali-Yug, which, accord- 

 ing to the calculation of the Bramins, began thirty 

 years after Krishna's death, or 3101 years before 

 Christ ; so that at present, in 1839, we live in the 

 4940th year of the Kali-Yug. Among those who 

 were saved at the time of the third dissolution of 

 the world, and passed over into the fourth Yug, 

 was n pious king named Kistnei, under whose go- 

 vernment virtue continued to flourish. But now 

 the steer (the symbol of virtue) stands only on one 

 foot, and charity is the chief virtue to be practised. 

 At the end of this age, after Kalighi's appearance, 

 fire and water will destroy every thing, and the 



first Yu<j will bo repeated, the sun, moon, and nil 

 tlie planets, being in the same sign of the zodiac s 

 at the beginning of the world. Besides this, the 

 Indians reckon by several otla>r eras. See Epoch ; 

 also Hindoo Bfytkohgy, in the article Imlin. 



YULE; the name formerly given to Christmas, 

 (q. v.) 



YUMNA. See Jumna. 



YVERDUN, 1VERDON, OB IFFKltTKN; a 

 town of Switzerland, in Vaud, at the south eial of 

 the lake of Neufchatel, at the entrance of the river 

 Orbe, on an island, sixteen miles north of Lausanne, 

 thirty-four south-west of Berne, forty-four north- 

 north-east of Geneva ; population 4000. It is de- 

 lightfully situated, is neatly built, and has a public 

 library, and a brisk traffic, chiefly in the transit of 

 goods an advantage which it owes to its command 

 of water carriage, boats going from it into the 

 Rhine, by the lakes of Neufchatel and Bienne, and 

 the rivers Thicl and Aar. It has also considerable 

 manufactures of linen, calico, &c. At this place is 

 the school of the celebrated, Pcstalozzi, which was 

 first established here in 1804, and an ancient castle 

 appropriated to its accommodation by the govern- 

 ment. There are several other establishments for 

 education. The sulphur baths here were known 

 even to the Romans. 



YVERNOIS, SIB FRANCIS D' a Genevan politi- 

 cian, was born at Geneva, in 1756, and received an 

 excellent education in his native city. His restless 

 ambition involved him in the disturbances which dis- 

 tracted the little republic, and he was banished in 

 1782. After the revolution in January 1789, he 

 returned to Geneva, and became counsellor of state. 

 But, being unable to prevent the interference of 

 the French republic in the internal affairs of Geneva, 

 or to play a prominent part after the democratic 

 party had attained the ascendency, he went to Eng- 

 land, and made various journeys in Europe as tra- 

 velling tutor to lord Eardley. In the mean time, 

 Geneva had been united to France in 1798 ; but 

 Yvernois and others had been declared incapable of 

 ever becoming French citizens. He afterwards 

 settled in England, and published political and 

 literary works, in which he expressed his hatred of 

 France with eloquence and talent. This gained 

 him the favour of the British government, and the 

 king of England knighted him. After the downfall 

 of the French empire, in 1814, the republic of Ge- 

 neva appointed him its minister in London, whence 

 he proceeded, in the same capacity, to the congress 

 of Vienna. After Napoleon's second abdication, in 

 1815, he returned to Geneva. Among the writ- 

 ings of Yvernois are his Reflexions sur la Guerre, 

 in which he shows the necessity of reducing France 

 to her old limits ; and his Tableau des Pertes que la 

 Revolution et la Guerre ont causees au Peuple Fran- 

 tais. Most of his other writings had only a tem- 

 porary interest. 



YVETOT ; a town of Normandy, in France, 

 ninety miles north-west of Paris, with about 10,000 

 inhabitants. It is the seat of some tribunals, and of 

 considerable woollen, linen and cotton manufac- 

 tures. The lords of this place bore tbe title of 

 king from the year 524 till the time of Louis XL 



