ZAG AT AI -ZAMBECCARI. 



exhibit the environs of Utrecht, or Rhenish scenery. 

 D'Argenville says that Zaftleevcn visited Italy; 

 but the Dutch writers deny this. He portrays na- 

 ture under serene and elevated aspects; a smiling 

 heaven overarches his cities and mountains, and a 

 warm air breathes itself over the sunny and retir- 

 ing distance. His paintings are scattered in differ- 

 ent places. Descamps gives a list of his works. 

 Zaftleeven also employed the etching needle. His 

 brother Cornell**, born at Rotterdam, in 1612, was 

 a successful painter of scenes from common life. 



ZAG AT A I. See Tartary. 



ZAHARA, DESERT OF. See Sahara. 



ZAHRINGEN; a village near Freiburg, in what 

 was formerly the Austrian Briggau, with the ruins 

 of an ancient castle, from which the ancient dukes 

 of Ziihringen, the ancestors of the grand-dukes of 

 IViden, derived their name. 



/AIMS, AND TIMARIOTES, are possessors of 

 Turkish fiefs, who, according to a law of the sultan 

 Amtirath I., in the fourteenth century, are bound 

 to furnish spahis, or cavalry, as the condition of en- 

 joying their fiefs. The Porte maintains only about 

 ten or twelve thousand spahis, who are paid by the 

 government, and called kapikuly. The rest of the 

 spahis are furnished by the possessors of timars. 

 The number of all the zaims (i. e. such vassals as 

 have a revenue of from 20,000 to 100,000 aspers 

 annually from their fiefs) is about 6689. For every 

 5000 aspers, they must send one horseman into the 

 field in time of war, so that a zaim cannot send less 

 than four nor more than twenty spahis. The num- 

 ber of the timariotes, however, or of those vassals 

 who have from 6000 to 19,999 aspers annually, 

 amounts to 52,649. These must furnish one spahi 

 for every 3000 aspers ; therefore each of them from 

 two to six spahis. Thus the minimum of their 

 collective quotas is 134,054 men. In 1792, it was 

 resolved to unite all the timars with the imperial 

 domains, after the death of the possessors ; upon 

 which the government was to support the army. 

 The number of troops, therefore, has not changed 

 much. Besides these troops, the Porte maintains 

 another corps of cavalry, consisting of the former 

 rifle makers and armourers. This kind of cavalry, 

 called jebeddshy, is divided into sixty ortas, each oi 

 which, according to rule, should contain 500 men ; 

 but the number is never complete, and the ortas 

 together never contain more than 18,000 men. 

 Since the introduction of the European military 

 system into Turkey, and the abolition of the jani- 

 zaries (in 1826), part of the cavalry has also receiv- 

 ed another organization. Yet in many provinces, 

 the military fiefs still remain, and are held upon the 

 conditions above mentioned. 



ZIARE, OR CONGO; a river of Africa, which 

 is supposed to rise in about lat. 10 S., and which 

 takes a northerly course to lat. 3, in Congo, after 

 which it takes a south-west direction, and runs into 

 the Atlantic at Fathomless point ; Ion. 12 20 7 E. ; 

 lat. 6 S. It is less than three miles wide at the 

 mouth, has a very impetuous current, and pours a 

 great mass of water into the ocean. In 1816, an 

 expedition was fitted out from England to explore 

 this river ; but the company were unable to navi- 

 gate the river, either with their sloop or with boats, 

 farther than 120 miles. Leaving their sloop, they 

 proceeded on foot 150 miles farther; but, meeting 

 with insuperable difficulties, they were compelled 

 to return See Tuckey's Expedition to explore the 

 Zaire or Congo (4to., 1818) It has been supposed 

 by some, that the Zaire, or Congo, is the outlet for 



he waters of the Niger; but the discoveries of 

 Lander have refuted this supposition. See Ai;icr. 

 ZAJONCZEK, JOSEPH, prince, senator, general 

 of infantry, viceroy of the kingdom of Poland, born, 

 n 1752, at Kaminieck, of a noble but poor family, 

 ike other young Polish noblemen, entered the army, 

 Became, in 1784, lieutenant-colonel, in 1793 colonel 

 and commander of a regiment. He served in the 

 war of Poland against Russia, and was made major- 

 general. But Poland was overcome, and Xajonczek, 

 with many others, emigrated to France. On his 

 way thither, he was arrested in Gallicia, together 

 with his brother, and both were imprisoned in 

 Josephstadt. When set at liberty, he went to 

 Paris, and was made general of brigade in the French 

 army in Italy. The Polish legion did great servii e 

 in that war, and Zajonczek distinguished himself. 

 He accompanied Napoleon to Egypt, and afterwards 

 commanded a division of French troops in Italy. 

 In 1812, he accompanied Napoleon to Russia, where 

 he lost a leg. He then quitted the French army. 

 In 1815, the emperor Alexander appointed him 

 viceroy, or namiestnik, in Poland. In 1818, he was 

 made a prince. Nicholas confirmed him, in 1825, 

 in his dignities and privileges. He died at Warsaw, 

 July 28, 1826. 



ZALEUCUS; the lawgiver of the republic of 

 Locris, a Greek colony in Graecia Magna. He lived, 

 according to some, 500 B. C., and was a disciple of 

 Pythagoras ; according to others, he lived as early 

 as the seventh century B. C. Only a few discon- 

 nected notices of his life and laws can be gleaned 

 from ancient authors. His laws seem to have been 

 very severe. In order to suppress extravagance of 

 dress, he ordfiined that prostitutes alone should 

 wear jewels and ornaments of gold. Adultery was 

 to be punished by the loss of both eyes. The son 

 of the lawgiver himself was convicted of this crime ; 

 the people, actuated by esteem for the father, pray- 

 ed him to acquit his son ; but Zaleucus remained 

 inexorable. In order, however, to satisfy the de- 

 mands of parental love, as well as the requisitions 

 of the law, he condemned his son to lose one eye, 

 to which he added one of his own. This is said to 

 have had such an effect, that, as long as the law- 

 giver lived, no adultery was heard of in the repub- 

 lic of Locris. In order to maintain the authority 

 of his laws, he ordained that every man who should 

 propose a new law should appear with a rope round 

 his neck, in order to be immediately strangled if 

 the proposed law was not preferred to the existing 

 one. 



ZALUSKI; a Polish family, known in the liter- 

 ary and political history of their country. 



Andrew Stanislaus, bishop of Cracow, died in 

 1758, and left his library of 20,000 volumes to the 

 university of that city. 



His brother, Joseph Andrew, bishop of Kiow, 

 published the Leges, Statuta, Consuetudines d Pri- 

 vilegia Regni Polenta (Warsaw, 1732, fol.). His 

 Specimen Historicum Polonicce Criticce is also much 

 valued. He died in 1774. 



A count Joseph Zaluski, aid-de-camp of the em- 

 peror Alexander, was made curator of the univer- 

 sity of Cracow, in 1826. See Cracow. 



ZAMBECCARI, FRANCESCO, count, celebrated 

 as an aeronaut, was born in 1756, at Bologna, and 

 was descended of an ancient family, one of the forty 

 senatorial families of the city. 'He was carefully 

 educated, and made great proficiency in mathema- 

 tics. Having entered the Spanish naval service, 

 Zambeccari was captured by the Turks and carried 



